I. Isingeniso
Amashubhu okuqoqa igazi angamathuluzi abalulekile kumalabhorethri omtholampilo, asiza ukuqoqwa, ukulondolozwa, kanye nokucutshungulwa kwamasampula egazi ukuze kuhlolwe ukuxilonga. Ukukhetha kahle nokusetshenziswa kwala mashubhu kubalulekile ukuze uthole imiphumela yokuhlolwa enembile nethembekile, edlala indima ebalulekile ekuxilongeni nasekulawuleni isiguli.
II. Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zamashubhu Okuqoqwa Kwegazi
I-A. Serum Separator Tubes (SST)
Amashubhu okuhlukanisa i-serum, ajwayele ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-SST, aklanyelwe ukusiza ukuhlukaniswa kwe-serum egazini lonke ngemva kwe-centrifugation. Lawa mashubhu aqukethe isihlukanisi sejeli, ngokuvamile esakhiwe ngezinto ezingasebenzi njenge-silicone noma i-silica, ebekwe phakathi kwe-clot activator neseramu. Ngesikhathi se-centrifugation, ijeli yakha umgoqo phakathi kwe-serum ne-clot, okuvumela ukuhlukana okuhlanzekile. Ama-SST asetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhloleni kwamakhemikhali omtholampilo okuhlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwesibindi, amaphrofayili e-lipid, ukuhlolwa kwamahomoni, nomaka bezifo ezithathelwanayo.
B. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) Tubes
Amashubhu e-EDTA aqukethe i-anticoagulant ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, ebopha ama-ion e-calcium egazini futhi ivimbele ukuhlangana ngokuvimbela ukusebenza kwezici zokuhlangana. Lawa mashubhu asetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ukuhlola i-hematological, njengezibalo zegazi eliphelele (CBCs), ukuhlaziya i-hemoglobin, nokuhlolwa kokuma kweseli yegazi. I-EDTA igcina izingxenye zamangqamuzana egazi, ilenze lifaneleke ukuhlolwa okudinga amangqamuzana egazi angaguquki, njengokuhluka kwamaseli amhlophe egazi kanye nezinkomba zamaseli abomvu egazi.
C. I-Sodium Citrate Tubes
Amashubhu e-sodium citrate aqukethe i-sodium citrate, i-anticoagulant ebopha ama-ion e-calcium futhi ivimbele ukujiya kwegazi ngokuvimbela ukujiya kwegazi. Lawa mashubhu ajwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukuhlangana, okuhlanganisa isikhathi se-prothrombin (PT), isikhathi se-thromboplastin esiyingxenye esicushiwe (i-aPTT), kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-coagulation factor. I-sodium citrate igcina igazi lisesimweni soketshezi, okuvumela ukulinganiswa okunembile kwezikhathi zokujiyisa kanye nokuhlolwa kokusebenza kokujiya.
D. Heparin Tubes
Amashubhu e-Heparin aqukethe i-anticoagulant heparin, esebenza ngokuthuthukisa umsebenzi we-antithrombin III, inhibitor yemvelo ye-thrombin nezinye izici zokujiyisa. Lawa mashubhu asetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwamakhemikhali okukhethekile, njengamazinga e-plasma ammonia, ukuhlolwa okuthile kwe-toxicology, nokuqapha izidakamizwa zokwelashwa. I-Heparin ivimbela ukujiya kwe-coagulation ngokwenza i-thrombin ibe maphakathi futhi ivimbele ukwakheka kwe-fibrin, iyenze ilungele ukuhlolwa okudinga amasampula e-plasma angenazo izici zokujiyisa.
E. Fluoride Oxalate Tubes
Amashubhu e-fluoride oxalate aqukethe i-sodium fluoride ne-potassium oxalate, esebenza njengama-antiglycolytic agents ukuvimbela i-glycolysis kumasampula egazi. Lawa mashubhu asetshenziselwa ngokuyinhloko ukuhlola i-glucose, njengoba i-glycolysis ingaholela ekwehleni kwamazinga eglucose ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. I-sodium fluoride ivimbela ukuwohloka kweglucose enzymatic, kuyilapho i-potassium oxalate isebenza njengesivikelo. Amashubhu e-fluoride oxalate abalulekile ekuhloleni ukubekezelela ushukela, ukuhlolwa kwesifo sikashukela, nokuqapha ukulawulwa kwe-glycemic ezigulini ezinesifo sikashukela.
F. Glycolytic Inhibitor Tubes
Amashubhu e-Glycolytic inhibitor aqukethe izithasiselo ezivimbela i-glycolysis, umzila we-metabolic obangela ukuwohloka kweglucose. Lawa mashubhu asetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukuwohloka kwe-enzymatic kwe-glucose kumasampula egazi, ukuqinisekisa izilinganiso ezinembile nezithembekile ze-glucose ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Amashubhu e-Glycolytic inhibitor abalulekile ezivivinyweni ezidinga amazinga eglucose azinzile, njengokuhlolwa kokubekezelela ushukela, ukuhlolwa kokumelana ne-insulin, kanye nezinqubo zokuphatha isifo sikashukela. Izithasiselo ezijwayelekile zifaka i-sodium fluoride, i-potassium oxalate, ne-sodium iodoacetate, evimbela ama-enzyme e-glycolytic futhi ilondoloze ukugxila kweglucose kumasampula egazi.
III. Umehluko Ekubunjweni Kwethubhu kanye Nezengezo
Uhlobo ngalunye lweshubhu lokuqoqa igazi luqukethe izithasiselo ezithile eziklanyelwe ukulondoloza izingxenye zegazi futhi zivimbele ukusabela okungafuneki kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo. Ukuqonda lo mehluko kubalulekile ekukhetheni ishubhu elifaneleka kakhulu kuhlelo ngalunye lomtholampilo.
IV. Izicelo Zomtholampilo Nokusetshenziswa
I-A. Serum Separator Tubes (SST)
Amashubhu e-SST aqukethe isihlukanisi sejeli esihlukanisa i-serum negazi eliphelele lapho i-centrifugation. Ngokuvamile zisetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwamakhemikhali, okuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwesibindi, amaphrofayili e-lipid, nezilinganiso ze-electrolyte.
B. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) Tubes
Amashubhu e-EDTA aqukethe i-EDTA, i-chelating agent ebopha ama-ion e-calcium futhi ivimbele ukujiya kwegazi ngokuvimbela izici zokuhlangana. Asetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwe-hematology, njengesibalo segazi eliphelele (CBC) kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-blood cell morphology.
C. I-Sodium Citrate Tubes
Amashubhu e-sodium citrate aqukethe i-sodium citrate, esebenza njenge-anticoagulant ngokubopha i-calcium ions nokuvimbela ukwakheka kwehlule legazi. Asetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwe-coagulation, okuhlanganisa isikhathi se-prothrombin (PT) kanye nesikhathi esicushiwe se-partial thromboplastin (aPTT).
D. Heparin Tubes
Amashubhu e-Heparin aqukethe i-heparin, i-anticoagulant enamandla evimbela i-thrombin kanye ne-factor Xa ku-coagulation cascade. Asetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwamakhemikhali okukhethekile, okufana ne-plasma ammonia nezinye izivivinyo ze-toxicology.
E. Fluoride Oxalate Tubes
Amashubhu e-fluoride oxalate aqukethe i-sodium fluoride ne-potassium oxalate, evimbela i-glycolysis futhi ilondoloze amazinga e-glucose kumasampula egazi. Zisetshenziselwa ukuhlola i-glucose, ikakhulukazi ekulawulweni kwesifo sikashukela.
F. Glycolytic Inhibitor Tubes
Amashubhu e-Glycolytic inhibitor aqukethe izithasiselo ezivimbela i-glycolysis, ezivimbela ukuwohloka kweglucose kumasampula egazi. Asetshenziselwa ukuhlola okudinga ukulinganiswa okunembile kwamazinga e-glucose ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengokuhlolwa kokubekezelela i-glucose.
V. Okucatshangwayo Ngokuqoqwa Nokuphathwa Kwegazi
Izindlela ezifanele zokuqoqwa kwegazi, ukuphatha, nokugcinwa kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubuqotho bamasampula egazi kanye nokunemba kwemiphumela yokuhlolwa. Okuguquguqukayo kokuhlaziya kwangaphambili, okufana nokungcoliswa kwesampula kanye ne-hemolysis, kungaba nomthelela omkhulu emiphumeleni yokuhlola futhi kufanele kuncishiswe ngokuhambisana nemithethonqubo emisiwe.
VI. Amathrendi Nentuthuko Yekusasa
Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe be-tube yokuqoqa igazi iyaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokuthembeka kokuhlolwa kokuxilonga. Ubuchwepheshe obusafufusa, obufana nemishini ye-microfluidic kanye nezinkundla zokuhlola indawo yokunakekela, kunikeza amathuba amasha okuhlaziya isampula yegazi ngokushesha nangokuhlukaniselwe indawo, okuthuthukisa ukunakekelwa kwesiguli kanye nokuhamba komsebenzi emtholampilo.
Sengiphetha, amashubhu okuqoqa igazi adlala indima ebalulekile ekunakekelweni kwezempilo kwanamuhla ngokunika amandla ukuhlaziywa okunembile nokuthembekile kwamasampula egazi ngezinjongo zokuxilonga. Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezihlukene zamashubhu, ukuqanjwa kwawo, kanye nezicelo zomtholampilo kubalulekile kochwepheshe bezokunakekelwa kwempilo ababambe iqhaza ekuqoqweni kwesifanekiso, ukuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri, nokunakekelwa kwesiguli. Ngokulandela izinqubo ezingcono kakhulu zokuqoqwa kwegazi nokuphatha nokuhlala unolwazi mayelana nentuthuko yobuchwepheshe be-tube, abahlinzeki bezempilo bangaqinisekisa ukulethwa kwezinsizakalo zokuxilonga ezisezingeni eliphezulu kanye nemiphumela elungile yesiguli.
