I-UV-Vis spectrophotometers iyithuluzi eliyindida elisetshenziswe kabanzi kumasimu ahlukahlukene wesayensi. Naphezu kokubaluleka kwabo, abantu abaningi abaqondi ngokugcwele ukuthi lawo madivaysi, asebenza ngayo, nokuthi basebenza kanjani. Lo mbhalo uhlose ukuhlinzeka ngokuchazwa okujulile kwe-UV-Vis spectrophotometers, ukumboza izimiso zawo, ukusetshenziswa, kanye nezimo lapho ziqashwa khona.
Yini i-UV-vis spectrophotometer?
I-UV-Vis Spectrophotometer iyithuluzi lokuhlaziya elisetshenziselwa ukukala ubukhulu bokukhanya ku-ultraviolet (UV) nezifunda ezibonakalayo (vis) ze-electromagnetic spectrum. Lezi zinsimbi zibalulekile ekuhlaziyeni izakhiwo ze-optical zezinto, zinquma ukugxila kwazo, futhi ziqonde ukuthi ziyaziphatha ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukile zokukhanya.
Isebenza kanjani i-UV-vis spectrophotometer?
Ukusebenza kwe-UV-Vis Spectrophotometer kubandakanya izakhi ezimbalwa ezibalulekile nezinyathelo:
Umthombo Okhanyayo:
I-spectrophotometer iqukethe umthombo wokukhanya, imvamisa inhlanganisela ye-deuterium lamp (ngokukhanya kwe-UV) nesibani esikhanyayo (sokukhanya okubonakalayo). Lawa amalambu akhipha ukukhanya ku-UV ne-ebonakalayo.
I-Monochromator:
Ukukhanya okukhishwe ngumthombo kudlula nge-monochromator, okuhlukanisayo kuma-wavelength ngamunye. Lokhu kuvame ukwenziwa usebenzisa i-prism noma i-affraction grating.
Umnikazi wesampuli:
Ukukhanya kwe-monochromatic kuqondiswe kumnikazi wesampula, lapho kufakwa khona isixazululo sesampula ku-cuvette, isitsha esincane esenziwe ngengilazi noma i-quartz.
Umtshina:
Ngemuva kokudlula kwisampula, ukukhanya kufinyelela umtshina. Umtshina ulinganisa ubukhulu bokukhanya okudluliselwe futhi uliguqula libe yisiginali kagesi.
Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha:
Isiginali kagesi bese icutshungulwa yikhompyutha noma i-microprocessor, ekhiqiza i-spectrum ekhombisa ukungamuzwanga noma ukudluliselwa kwesampula yesampula ngama-wavelength ahlukene.
Izimiso ze-UV-vis spectrophotometry
Umgomo oyisisekelo ngemuva kwe-UV-Vis Spectrophotometry ngumthetho we-beer-lambert, ohlobene nokubukeka kokukhanya ezintweni ezibonakalayo lapho ukukhanya kuhamba khona. Umthetho uvezwa njengo:
= ⋅⋅
lapho:
A kukhona ukumunca (akukho amayunithi, njengoba kunesilinganiso).
Ingabe i-coeffition evumayo ye-motar (l / mol · cm), ihlala ibonisa ukuthi imiswayo idonsa kangakanani kukhanya ngokuqina okuthile.
ukuqoqwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezihehayo kusampula (mol / l).
ubude bendlela lapho ukukhanya kuhamba khona kusampula (cm).
Ukungena kokumunca kulingana ngqo nobude bokuhlushwa nobude bendlela, okwenza i-UV-Vis spectrophotometry iyithuluzi elinamandla lokuhlaziywa kwenani.
Izicelo ze-UV-Vis Spectrophotometers
I-UV-Vis Spectrophotometers inezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo kuwo wonke amasimu ahlukene:
1. Chemistry
Ukunqumela kokuhlaziya:
I-UV-Vis Spectrophotometers isetshenziswa njalo ukuthola ukugxila kwezikhundla kwikhambi. Isibonelo, ukugcwala kwe-DNA, amaprotheni, noma amanye ama-biomolecule angalinganiswa ngokungena kwabo kuma-wavelength athile.
Ukuphendula Kwe-Kinetics:
Lawa mathuluzi asiza ekutadisheni amanani okusabela kwamakhemikhali ngokubheka ushintsho ekubuyiselweni kwama-reackants noma imikhiqizo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali:
Zisetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya okufanele kanye nobungako bamakhemikhali amakhemikhali, ukusiza ukukhomba izinto ezisuselwa ku-Absurance Spectra.
2. I-Biochemistry kanye ne-Molecular Biology
I-Protein kanye ne-nucleic acid ukweqiwa:
I-UV-Vis Spectrophototometry ibalulekile e-Biochemistry yokukala okuhlushwa kanye nobumsulwa be-nucleic acid (DNA ne-RNA) namaprotheni.
Umsebenzi we-enzyme:
Umsebenzi wama-enzyme ungafundwa ngokulinganisa ukumunca ama-substrates noma imikhiqizo ebandakanyeka ekuphendukeni kwe-enzymatic.
3. Isayensi Yezemvelo
Ukuhlolwa Kwekhwalithi Yamanzi:
I-UV-Vis spectrophotometers isetshenziselwa ukuthola futhi ivale ukungcola emanzini, njengama-nitrate, ama-phosphates kanye nezinsimbi ezisindayo.
Ukuqapha Kwekhwalithi Yomoya:
Basiza ekubhekeni ukungcoliswa komoya ngokulinganisa ukumunca kwamagesi afana ne-ozone ne-nitrogen dioxide.
4. Ukuhlaziywa komtholampilo nokwekhemikhali
Ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa nentuthuko:
Embonini yezemithi, kusetshenziselwa ama-spectrophophoferes e-UV-Vis ukuhlaziya ukuhlaziya okuhlushwa kanye nobumsulwa bezidakamizwa futhi afunde ukuqina kanye nokonakaliswa kwamakhompiyutha emithi.
Ukuxilongwa Kwamalashwa:
Lawa mathuluzi asiza ekuhlolweni kwemitholampilo ngokulinganisa okuqoshwa kwezinto ezahlukahlukene kumanzi omzimba, njenge-glucose, i-cholesterol, kanye ne-bulirubin.
I-5. Imboni yokudla nobuso
Ikhwalithi yokulawula:
I-UV-Vis Spectrophototometry isetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi nokuphepha kokudla nokuphuza ukukala okufinyeleleka kwezithasiselo, izivimbazelo kanye nokungcola.
Ukuhlaziywa kokudla okunempilo:
Ukuqoqwa kwamavithamini, amaminerali, nezinye izakhamzimba emikhiqizweni yokudla kunganqunywa kusetshenziswa le ndlela.
Izinhlobo ze-UV-Vivi Spectrophotometers
I-UV-Vis Spectrophotometers Co
kimi ekucushweni okuhlukahlukene, ngakunye okulungele izinhlelo ezithile:
I-SINGLE-BEAM Spectrophotometers:
Lezi zinendlela eyodwa yokukhanya, okusho ukuthi ireferensi nezilinganiso zesampula zithathwa ngokulandelana. Balula futhi babiza kakhulu kodwa bangabi nalutho ngenxa yokushintshashintshakala okungaba khona emthonjeni wokukhanya.
I-Double-Beam Spectrophotometers:
Lezi zinsimbi zihlukanisa ukukhanya zibe izindlela ezimbili, enye idlula ngesampula kanti enye ngereferensi. Lokhu kusetha kuvumela ukukalwa kanyekanye, kunxephezele ukuguquguquka kokuqina kokukhanya nokunikeza imiphumela enembile.
Abafundi BaseMicrosoft:
Idizayinelwe ukuhlolwa okuthe xaxa, abafundi baka-microplate bangalinganisa amasampula amaningi ngasikhathi sinye ngokusebenzisa ama-minroplate anemithombo eminingi, esetshenziswa kakhulu kwi-biotechnology kanye nezimboni zemithi.
I-UV-Vivi Spectrophotometers ephathekayo:
Lawa madivaysi acwebile, asetshenziswa ngesandla asetshenziselwa ukucubungula insimu kanye nokuhlaziywa kwesayithi, enikeza lula kanye nokuguquguquka kokuqapha imvelo kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi.
Amasu athuthukile kanye nokwehlukahlukana
UV-Vis Spectrophototometry uvele ukufaka amasu athuthukile kanye nokwehluka:
1. Ukutholwa Okubonakalayo Spectrophotometry
Le ndlela ifaka ukubala okuvela ekutholweni kwe-Sperivation Spectrum, okwenza isinqumo sokuxazulula iziqongo eziphezulu kanye nokwenza ngcono ukunemba kwezilinganiso zokuhlushwa ekuxubeni okujwayelekile.
2. Yeka-flow spectrophotometry
Isetshenziselwa ukutadisha ama-kinetics okusabela ngokushesha, amise-flow-spectrophophotometry mixs ama-reactants masinyane futhi alinganise izinguquko zokumunca ngesikhathi sangempela, ukuhlinzeka ngemininingwane ngezinqubo ezisheshayo ze-biochemical kanye namakhemikhali.
3. PhotoAcoustic Spectroscopy
Le ndlela ilinganisa amaza omsindo akhiqizwa ngokufakwa kokukhanya okulungiselelwe, enikeza ukuzwela okuphezulu kokutadisha amasampula aqinile nantanga
Izinzuzo kanye nemikhawulo
Izinzuzo
Okungabhubhisi:
I-UV-Vis Spectrophototometry ngokuvamile ayibhubhisi, igcina isampula ukuze kuhlaziywa okunye.
Ukuzwela okuphezulu nokunemba:
Le ndlela inikeza ukuzwela okuphezulu nokunemba, okwenza kube lula ukuthola nokuthola ukugxilwa okuphansi kokuhlaziywa okuphansi.
Okuhlukahlukene:
Kungahlaziya izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinto, kufaka phakathi ama-organic ne-inorganic compounds, ezifundazweni ezahlukahlukene (eziqinile, uketshezi kanye negesi).
I-Rapid and elula:
Izilinganiso zivame ukushesha futhi ziqonde, zivumela ukuhlaziywa okusebenzayo nokwenziwe kabusha.
Ukulinganiselwa
Ukungqubuzana:
Ukuba khona kwezinto eziphazamisayo ezidonsa kuma-wavelength afanayo kungahlanganisa ukuhlaziywa.
Ukulungiswa kwesampula:
Amanye amasampula angadinga ukulungiswa okubanzi noma ukujabha, ethula amaphutha.
Imininingwane ekhawulelwe:
I-UV-Vis spectrophototometry ikakhulukazi ihlinzeka ngemininingwane yokuhlushwa kanye nokuncipha kwamakhompiyutha kepha antula imininingwane enemininingwane enemininingwane, edinga amasu ahambisanayo afana ne-Mass Spectrometry noma i-NMR.
I-UV-Vis Spectrophotometers amathuluzi asemqoka kwisayensi yanamuhla, enikeza indlela eguquguqukayo nenamandla yokuhlaziya uhlu oluningi lwezinto. Izicelo zabo zisenkambisweni ehlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi amakhemikhali, ama-biochemistry, isayensi yezemvelo, ukuhlonza kwemitholampilo, nokuxilonga ukudla, kanye nemboni yokudla. Ukuqonda izimiso, ukusebenza, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-UV-Vis Spectrophotometry kuvumela ososayensi kanye nabaqeqeshiwe ukuba basebenzise amathuba bawo aphelele ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni, okulawulwa kwekhwalithi kanye nezinhloso zokuhlaziya. Naphezu kokulinganiselwa kwayo, i-UV-Vis Spectrophotometer ihlala iyitshe legumbi lokuhlaziya, lifaka isandla kakhulu entuthukweni yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe.
