I-spirometers zonyango zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo ekuxilongeni nasekulawuleni iimeko zokuphefumula. Aba matshini basetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ukusebenza kwemiphunga ngokuhlola umthamo womoya umntu anokuwuphefumla aze awukhuphe, kunye nendlela abanokukwenza ngokukhawuleza ngayo oko. I-Spirometry ibalulekile ekuxilongeni izifo ezinje ngesifuba, isifo esingapheliyo semiphunga (COPD), kunye nezinye iziphazamiso zokuphefumla. Ukusetyenziswa kunye nokubaluleka koomatshini be-spirometer, nangona kunjalo, bandise uluhlu olubanzi lwamaqela eminyaka, ngalinye lineemfuno ezizodwa kunye nemingeni. Ukususela kwiintsana ukuya kubantu abadala, i-spirometry idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni nasekuphuculeni impilo yokuphefumula.

Kweli nqaku, siphonononga indlela oomatshini be-spirometer bezonyango abasetyenziswa ngayo kunye nokubaluleka kwabo kumaqela ahlukeneyo eminyaka yobudala: abantwana, abantu abadala kunye nabantu abadala. Ngokuqonda lo mahluko unxulumene nobudala, ababoneleli bezempilo banokusebenzisa ngcono i-spirometry ukubeka iliso, ukuxilonga, kunye nokunyanga iimeko zokuphefumla.

1. Ukuqonda iSpirometry: Isebenza Njani?

Ngaphambi kokuntywila kwizicelo ezingqamene nobudala, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba isebenza njani i-spirometry. I-spirometer ilinganisa umthamo omkhulu wemiphunga, kuquka:

· Umthamo weTidal (TV) : Ubungakanani bomoya ophefumlwayo ngaphakathi nangaphandle ngexesha lokuphefumla okuqhelekileyo.

· Ukunyanzeliswa komthamo obalulekileyo (FVC) : Umthamo opheleleyo womoya okhutshwe ngamandla emva kokuphefumla ngokunzulu.

· Ukunyanzeliswa koMqulu wokuPhepha ngomzuzwana we-1 (FEV1) : Ubungakanani bomoya okhutshwayo ngexesha lesibini lokuqala lokukhupha ngenkani.

· I-Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) : Isantya esiphezulu sokuphelelwa yisikhathi esiphunyeziweyo ngexesha lokukhupha umoya.

Le milinganiselo inika ulwazi kwimpilo yemiphunga kunye nobukho baso nasiphi na isithintelo okanye izifo zemiphunga ezithintelayo.

2. Indima yeSpirometry kuNonophelo lwaBantwana

I-Spirometry kubantwana, ngakumbi abo bane-asthma okanye i-cystic fibrosis, sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuxilonga. Ngelixa abantwana bengenakukwazi ukwenza iimvavanyo ze-spirometry zendabuko ngokuchanekileyo njengabantu abadala, kukho i-spirometers yabantwana eyenzelwe ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwabantwana beSpirometry :

· Uxilongo lwe-Asma : I-asthma yenye yezona meko zixhaphakileyo zokuphefumla ebantwaneni. I-Spirometry inceda ukuvavanya ubungqongqo besifuba ngokulinganisa ukusebenza kwemiphunga ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo esi sifo. Kubantwana abane-asthma, i-spirometry ingasetyenziselwa ukujonga umda wokuhamba komoya kunye nokuvavanya ukusebenza konyango.

· I-Cystic Fibrosis Monitoring : Abantwana abane-cystic fibrosis bane-mucus enokuthintela umoya kwaye benze ukuphefumla nzima. Uvavanyo lwe-spirometry rhoqo lunceda ukulandelela ukusebenza kwemiphunga kwezi zigulana kunye nokubeka iliso ekuqhubekeni kwesi sifo.

· Uthintelo kunye noxilongo kwangethuba : I-Spirometry inokubona iimpawu zokuqala zemiba yokuphefumla ebantwaneni, nangaphambi kokuba iimpawu zibonakale. Kubantwana abanokuba semngciphekweni wokufumana izifo ezingapheliyo zemiphunga, ukufunyanwa kwangoko kuvumela ukungenelela kwangoko.

Imingeni yeSpirometry yaBantwana :

· Intsebenziswano kunye nobuChwephesha : Omnye wemingeni ye-spirometry ebantwaneni kukukwazi ukulandela imiyalelo. Abantwana abancinci banokuba nobunzima bokubonelela umgudu ongaguquguqukiyo kunye nochanekileyo ngexesha lovavanyo, ngakumbi xa kufuneka ukuphefumla ngenkani.

· Izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zobudala : I-spirometers zabantwana ziyilelwe ukuba zibandakanyeke ngakumbi kubantwana, kunye neziboniso ezinemibala kunye noopopayi ukubanceda ukuba baqonde inkqubo.

Ngaphandle kwale mingeni, i-spirometry isesona sixhobo sibaluleke kakhulu sokuvavanya impilo yemiphunga ebantwaneni, ivumela ukuxilongwa kwangoko kunye nokungenelela kwiimeko ezinjenge-asthma kunye ne-cystic fibrosis.

3. I-Spirometry kuBantu abadala: Ukubeka iliso kunye nokuxilongwa kweeMeko zokuphefumla

Kubantu abadala, i-spirometry isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukufumanisa izifo ezahlukeneyo zokuphefumla, kubandakanya isifo esingapheliyo semiphunga (COPD), isifuba, ibronchitis, kunye nezifo zemiphunga ye-interstitial. Ikwasetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ukuhlola ukusebenza kwemiphunga phambi nasemva kotyando kunye nokubeka iliso kwiimeko ezingapheliyo ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Izicelo kuNonophelo lwabadala :

· Ukuxilongwa kweCOPD : ICOPD ngoyena nobangela wokugula nokufa kwabantu abadala, ngakumbi abo batshayayo. I-Spirometry ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni uxilongo lwe-COPD ngokulinganisa i-FEV1 kunye ne-FVC ratio. Inceda ukwahlula phakathi kwezifo zemiphunga ezithinteleyo kunye nezithinteleyo, ivumela unyango olujoliswe kuyo.

· Ukulawula Umbefu : Kubantu abadala abane-asthma, i-spirometry isetyenziswa rhoqo ukujonga ukusebenza kwemiphunga, ngakumbi ngexesha lokugqithisa. Inceda ukugqiba ukusebenza kwamayeza afana ne-bronchodilators kunye ne-corticosteroids e-inhaled.

· Uvavanyo lwangaphambi kotyando : Izigulana ezenza utyando, ngakumbi olo lubandakanya isifuba okanye imiphunga, zinokungena i-spirometry phambi koqhaqho ukuze zivavanye ukusebenza kwemiphunga yazo. Oku kunceda ii-anesthesiologists kunye noogqirha botyando babone iingozi ezibandakanyekayo kwinkqubo.

· IMpilo yaseMsebenzini : Kwimpilo yomsebenzi, i-spirometry inokunceda ukuvavanya abasebenzi abavezwe kwiimeko ezinobungozi, njengabo basebenza ngeekhemikhali okanye kwiindawo ezinomgangatho womoya ophantsi, ukubeka iliso ekuqaleni komonakalo wemiphunga.

Imingeni yeSpirometry kubantu abadala :

· Izifo ezingapheliyo : I-Spirometry ingaba ngumngeni kwizigulane ezineemeko ezininzi ezingapheliyo ezifana nokukhuluphala, isifo seswekile, okanye isifo senhliziyo, njengoko ezi zinto zinokuba nzima ukuchazwa kweziphumo ze-spirometry.

· Imbali yokutshaya : Kubantu abanembali yokutshaya, ukutolika iziphumo ze-spirometry kufuna ukuqwalaselwa ngononophelo. Umonakalo wemiphunga onxulumene nokutshaya unokubangela utshintsho olungenakulungiseka ekusebenzeni kwemiphunga, nto leyo eyenza ukuba kubalulekile ukujonga ukusebenza kwemiphunga rhoqo.

Kubantu abadala, i-spirometry yinxalenye yesiqhelo yokulawula izifo ezingapheliyo zokuphefumla, ukufumanisa iimeko zakwangoko, kunye nokulandelela ukusebenza konyango.

4. Ukubaluleka kwe-Spirometry kwi-Geriatric Care

Njengoko abantu bekhula, ukuqina kwemiphunga kuncipha, kwaye ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yokuphefumla ngokwemvelo kuyehla. Abantu abadala abadala banokuba semngciphekweni ophezulu weemeko ezifana nenyumoniya, iCOPD, kunye nezinye izifo zemiphunga ezinxulumene neminyaka. Kweli qela leminyaka, i-spirometry iba sisixhobo esixabisekileyo sokufumanisa imiba yokuphefumla kunye nokubeka iliso kwinkqubela yabo.

Izicelo kuNonophelo lwabaDala :

· Ukuxilongwa kwezifo zemiphunga ezinxulumene nobudala : Kubantu abadala, izifo zemiphunga ezifana neCOPD, i-pulmonary fibrosis, kunye ne-emphysema zixhaphakile. Uvavanyo lwe-spirometry rhoqo lubalulekile ekuchongeni amanqanaba okuqala ezi zifo kunye nokuvavanya ukusebenza kwemiphunga ekuhambeni kwexesha.

· Uvavanyo lwaphambi kotyando lwaBantu abaDala : Izigulana ezalupheleyo ezenziwa utyando, ngakumbi ezo zinembali yokuphefumla, kunokufuneka ukuba zenze i-spirometry. Oku kuvumela ukuqonda okungcono kweengozi ezinxulumene ne-anesthesia kunye nokuhlinzwa.

· Ukubeka iliso kwiiMeko eziNgapheliyo : Kubantu abadala abaneemeko ezikhoyo zemiphunga, i-spirometry ibalulekile ekubekeni iliso ekuqhubeni kwesi sifo. Inceda ukulungelelanisa izicwangciso zonyango, kubandakanywa iirejimeni zamayeza, unyango lomzimba, kunye nokutshintsha indlela yokuphila.

Imingeni yeSpirometry kubantu abadala :

· Unyino loMzimba : Izigulane ezisebekhulile zinokuba nezithintelo zomzimba, ezinjengobunzima bokulandela imiyalelo okanye ukusebenzisa amandla aneleyo ngexesha lovavanyo. Oku kunokuchaphazela ukuchaneka kweziphumo.

· Ukuncipha kwengqondo : Kubantu abadala abadala abanokukhubazeka kwengqondo, ukuqonda inkqubo kunokuba ngumngeni, kwaye iimvavanyo eziphindaphindiweyo zingafuneka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukufundwa ngokuchanekileyo.

Ngaphandle kwale mingeni, i-spirometry ihlala isisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuxilonga kukhathalelo lwabantwana. Ukufunyaniswa kwangoko kwezifo zemiphunga kubantu abadala kunokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezingcono kunye nolawulo olusebenzayo.

5. IiNzuzo zeSpirometry kuwo onke amaQela obudala

Nokuba yeyabantwana, abantu abadala, okanye abantu abadala, i-spirometry ibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi:

· Ukufunyaniswa kwangethuba : I-spirometry rhoqo inokubona imiba yokuphefumla ngaphambi kokuba iimpawu zibe nzima, zivumela ukungenelela kwangaphambili.

· Ulawulo oluphuculweyo : I-Spirometry ivumela ababoneleli bezempilo ukuba babeke iliso ekusebenzeni kwemiphunga ngokuhamba kwexesha, ukuphucula ulawulo lweemeko ezingapheliyo zokuphefumla.

· Unyango olulolwakho : Idatha evela kuvavanyo lwe-spirometry inceda oogqirha balungise unyango kunye nezindululo zendlela yokuphila kwisigulana ngasinye, ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi babo.

6. Isiphelo: Indima ye-Spirometry kwiMpilo yokuPhumla kuBomi bonke

Oomatshini be-spirometer yezonyango banendima ebalulekileyo ekufuneka bayidlale kuwo onke amaqela eminyaka. Ukusuka kukhathalelo lwabantwana lwe-asthma kunye ne-cystic fibrosis ukuya kuxilongo kunye nolawulo lweCOPD kubantu abadala kunye nokujongwa kwezifo zemiphunga ezinxulumene nobudala kubantu abadala, i-spirometry sisixhobo esiyimfuneko kunyango lokuphefumla. Nangona imingeni enxulumene novavanyo oluthile lobudala, i-spirometry ihlala enye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokubeka iliso, ukuxilonga, nokulawula impilo yokuphefumula.

Njengoko sikhula, ukubaluleka kwempilo yemiphunga kuya kubonakala ngakumbi, kwaye i-spirometry inokuqinisekisa ukuba imiba yokuphefumla ibanjwe kwangoko, ilawulwa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye iphathwe ngokufanelekileyo. Nokuba kwiklinikhi yabantwana, ngexesha lovavanyo lwesiqhelo lwabantu abadala, okanye njengenxalenye yokhathalelo lwe-geriatric, i-spirometry ibalulekile ekugcineni kunye nokuphucula impilo yemiphunga kwizigulana zayo yonke iminyaka.