Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphando luye lwabonisa imiphumo yempilo engabonakaliyo yomsi wecuba, utyhila inkxalabo entsha yabasetyhini: umngcipheko ophezulu we-osteoporosis. I-Osteoporosis, imeko ebonakaliswa ngamathambo abuthathaka kunye nokwanda kokuchaphazeleka kokuqhekeka, kudala inxulunyaniswa nezinto ezinjengokwaluphala, utshintsho lwamahomoni, kunye nokukhetha kwendlela yokuphila. Nangona kunjalo, ubungqina obuvelayo bubonisa ukuba ukuchanabeka kumsi wecuba kunokudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwandiseni lo mngcipheko, ngakumbi kwabasetyhini.
Abaphandi baseTaliyane abavela kwiYunivesithi yaseFederico II yaseNaples baqhube uphando olubonisa ukuba umsi wecuba unokubangela umngcipheko olinganayo we-osteoporosis kubasetyhini njengokutshaya. Ukuhlalutya amazinga e-osteoporosis kubasetyhini abasebenzisa i-double-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans, bafumanise ukuba abasetyhini abavezwe kumsi wecuba lokusingqongileyo babenamazinga ezifo afanayo njengeentshayi ezisebenzayo. Uphononongo, olupapashwe kwi-Journal ye-Endocrinological Investigation, lucebisa ukuba ukutshatyalaliswa komsi wokutshaya kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo njengento ebalulekileyo yengozi ye-osteoporosis, eyenza imfuno yokufakwa kwayo kwiinkqubo zokuhlola ukuchonga abafazi abasengozini enkulu. Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi cofa
Imbonakalo-mhlaba yoMsi weSibini
Ukuqonda ifuthe lomsi wecuba kwimpilo yamathambo abasetyhini, kubalulekile ukuphonononga ukwakheka kunye nokuxhaphaka kwale ngozi igqugqisayo kwendalo. Uphando, oluquka uphando oluphawulekayo olwenziwa ngabaphandi base-Italiya, luye lwanikela ukukhanya kwiinxalenye ezintsonkothileyo zomsi wecuba kunye nokuxhaphaka kwawo.
1.1 Ukwakhiwa komsi weSekondi
Umsi wecuba yimbumba entsonkothileyo yeekhemikhali ezingaphezulu kwama-7,000, ngaphezulu kwama-250 achongiwe njengeyingozi, kwaye ubuncinci angama-69 abonwa njenge-carcinogenic yimibutho yezempilo ehlonelwayo efana neWorld Health Organisation (WHO). Izinto eziphawulekayo ziquka inikotini, i-carbon monoxide, i-formaldehyde, i-benzene, kunye neentlobo zesinyithi ezinzima. La malungu, akhululwa ngexesha lokutshiswa kwecuba, abumba umxube onetyhefu othi abantu bazive besengozini kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.
Uphononongo lwase-Italiya lugxininisa ukubaluleka kokuqonda oku kuqulunqwa, njengoko kuluncedo ekuqondeni iingozi zempilo ezinxulumene nomsi wecuba. Ngokomzekelo, i-Nicotine idibaniswe nemiba yempilo ye-vascular and bone, igxininisa imfuneko yokutyhila indlela ezi zixhobo ezinegalelo ngayo kumngcipheko ophakamileyo we-osteoporosis kubasetyhini.
1.2 Imithombo yoMsi wesiSeko
Umsi wecuba uvela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, eqala ngokutshiswa kweemveliso zecuba ezifana nemidiza, iisiga, kunye nemibhobho. Imithombo engatshiyo, efana neesigarethi ze-elektroniki (i-e-cigarettes), nazo zinegalelo ekuchaselweni komsi wecuba ngokukhutshwa kwee-aerosols eziyingozi. Uphononongo lwase-Italiya lukhuthaza ukuphononongwa kwakhona kwendlela imithombo eyahlukeneyo enegalelo ngayo kumngcipheko wonke, ikhuthaza indlela ebanzi yokunciphisa ukuvezwa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.
1.3 Imeko-bume etyekele kuMsi wesiSeko
Abantu badibana nomsi wecuba kwiindawo ezininzi, ukusuka kumakhaya abantu kunye neemoto ukuya kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke njengeendawo zokutyela, iibhari kunye neendawo zokusebenza. Iziphumo zophononongo lwase-Italiya zizuza ukubaluleka xa kuqwalaselwa ukuxhaphaka kokuvezwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Ukuhlalutya idatha evela kuphononongo kumxholo wezicwangciso ezithile kunika ukuqonda okucacileyo apho ungenelelo kunye namaphulo okwazisa anokuba nefuthe elikhulu.
I-Osteoporosis kubasetyhini-Inkxalabo ekhulayo yeMpilo yoLuntu
I-Osteoporosis, ebonakaliswa ngamathambo abuthathaka kunye nokwanda kokuchaphazeleka kokuqhekeka, imi njengenkxalabo eqhubekayo yempilo yoluntu, ngakumbi phakathi kwabasetyhini.
2.1 Ukuxhaphaka kweOsteoporosis
Ukuxhaphaka kwe-osteoporosis phakathi kwabasetyhini kuyanda, nto leyo efuna ukujongwa kwempembelelo yayo. Njengoko abafazi beguga, utshintsho lwamahomoni, ngakumbi ngexesha lokuyeka ukuya exesheni, lunegalelo ekunciphiseni ukuxinana kwamathambo. Ukuxhaphaka kwe-osteoporosis yonyuka ngokukhawuleza kunye nobudala, nto leyo eyenza ibe ngumba ocinezelayo wezempilo kubantu abalupheleyo behlabathi. Uphononongo lwase-Italiya, oluvuma i-osteoporosis njengenkxalabo ebalulekileyo yezempilo, lukhuthaza uhlolo olunzulu lokuba izinto ezifana nomsi wecuba ziwenza mandundu oku kuxhaphaka.
2.2 Umthwalo woQoqosho kwiiNkqubo zokhathalelo lwezeMpilo
I-Osteoporosis ibeka umthwalo omkhulu wezoqoqosho kwiinkqubo zokhathalelo lwezempilo kwihlabathi liphela. Ukuqhekeka okubangelwa kubuthathaka kwamathambo kukhokelela ekwandeni kwezibhedlele, utyando, kunye nokhathalelo lwezonyango lwexesha elide. Iimpembelelo zoqoqosho zandisa ngaphaya kweendleko zokhathalelo lwempilo ngokuthe ngqo ukubandakanya iindleko ezingathanga ngqo zokulahleka kwemveliso kunye nokuncipha komgangatho wobomi. Njengoko ukuxhaphaka kwe-osteoporosis kunyuka, uxinzelelo kwimithombo yokhathalelo lwezempilo lubonakala ngakumbi, kufuneke amanyathelo abonakalayo okunciphisa le mingeni yezoqoqosho.
2.3 Iziphumo ezivela kuphononongo lwesiTaliyane
Uphononongo lwaseNtaliyane, olujolise kunxulumano phakathi komsi wecuba kunye ne-osteoporosis kwabasetyhini, longeza umaleko wobunzima kumbandela obanzi. Iziphumo zigxininisa ukungxamiseka kokuqaphela umsi wecuba wendalo njengento eyingozi ngokwenene kwi-osteoporosis, efuna ukuphononongwa kwakhona kweenkqubo zokuhlola kunye namanyathelo ezempilo yoluntu. Uphononongo lomeleza ukuba ukujongana ne-osteoporosis kubasetyhini kufuna indlela eneenkalo ezininzi eqwalasela zombini izinto ezinobungozi zemveli kunye nabanegalelo kwindalo esingqongileyo.
Ukutyhila ikhonkco: Izifundo zeNzululwazi kunye neziphumo
Izifundo zenzululwazi, ingakumbi uphando oluqaphelekayo olwenziwe ngabaphengululi base-Italiya, ludlale indima ebalulekileyo ekutyhileni unxibelelwano oluntsonkothileyo phakathi komsi wecuba kunye nomngcipheko owandisiweyo we-osteoporosis kubasetyhini.
3.1 Isishwankathelo soPhononongo lwesiTaliyane
Uphononongo oluqhutywe ngabaphandi kwiYunivesithi yaseFederico II yaseNaples limi njengento yokuhlola ukudibanisa phakathi komsi wesibini kunye ne-osteoporosis kubasetyhini. Ukusebenzisa i-double-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans, abaphandi bahlalutya ngokucokisekileyo amazinga e-osteoporosis kwiqela le-10,616 yabasetyhini ababhalise kwi-Italian Ministry of Health osteoporosis screening program. Olu phononongo olukhulu lubonelela ngesiseko esomeleleyo sokuqonda ukuxhaphaka kwe-osteoporosis kunye nokunxulumana nomsi wecuba wokusingqongileyo.
3.2 Ubuninzi babantu abathatha inxaxheba kunye neZimilo zokuTyaya
Ukuqonda amanani abantu abathathi-nxaxheba kunye nokuziphatha kwabo ngokutshaya kubalulekile ukuze kujongwe iziphumo zophononongo. Uphononongo lwase-Italiya luquka ama-3,942 abantu abatshayayo ngoku, abangama-873 abatshayayo, kwaye abangama-5,781 abakhe batshaya. Ngokuhlela abathathi-nxaxheba ngokusekwe kwindlela abaziphatha ngayo ukutshaya, abaphandi banokuqonda iipatheni zokuxhaphaka kwe-osteoporosis kunye nokuzoba unxulumano phakathi kwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okuchasa umsi wecuba kunye nempilo yamathambo.
3.3 Ukuxhaphaka kweOsteoporosis Phakathi kwabatshayayo kunye nabo batshayayo
Iziphumo zophononongo lwase-Italiya zibonise ukuqonda okunyanzelisayo malunga nokuxhaphaka kwe-osteoporosis phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo. Abatshayayo ngoku babonise ukuxhaphaka okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-osteoporosis xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abangatshayiyo, kunye ne-odds ratio (OR) ye-1.40. Ngokulinganayo kuphawuleka ukuxhaphaka okuphakamileyo phakathi kwabatshayayo, ababonise umngcipheko ophezulu kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nabangatshayiyo (OKANYE = 1.38). Okubalulekileyo, uphononongo alufumananga mahluko ubalulekileyo wokuxhaphaka phakathi kwabantu abatshayayo kunye nabatshayayo ngoku (OKANYE = 1.02).
3.4 Umbutho phakathi kokuTyaya okuPhambili kunye ne-Osteoporosis
Ugxininiso lophononongo ekutshayeni nje ngokuzimeleyo kumngcipheko we-osteoporosis umngeni kubulumko obuqhelekileyo. Izinto ezifunyanisiweyo zigxininisa unxulumano olubalulekileyo phakathi kokuvezwa komsi wecuba lokusingqongileyo kunye ne-osteoporosis kubantu abangatshayiyo, abahlali basekuhlaleni baseYurophu. Oku kufunyaniswe kugxininisa imfuneko yokwandisa ukuqonda kwethu imiba yengozi ye-osteoporosis kwaye siqwalasele ukubandakanywa kokutshaya okungahambiyo kwiinkqubo zokuhlola.
3.5 Iimpembelelo kwiiNkqubo zokuHlola kunye noVavanyo loMngcipheko
Iimpembelelo zophononongo lwase-Italiya zinabela ngaphaya kweziphumo zalo zangoku. Abaphandi bakhuthaza ukutshintshwa kweparadigm kwiiprogram zokuhlola i-osteoporosis, bekhuthaza ukubandakanywa kokuvezwa komsi wecuba wendalo njengento enobungozi obuqinisekileyo. Eli candelo liphonononga ukuba iziphumo zophononongo zingazisa njani uphuhliso lwemigaqo emitsha yovavanyo lomngcipheko, olunokuthi lukhokhelele ekuchongeni okujoliswe kuko kunye nokusebenza okusebenzayo kwabasetyhini abasengozini ephezulu ye-osteoporosis.
3.6 Amandla kunye nemida kwisifundo
Uphononongo olunenjongo yalo naluphi na uphononongo lwezenzululwazi lubandakanya ukuthathela ingqalelo kokubini amandla alo kunye nemida. Eli candelo libonelela ngovavanyo lwendlela yokusebenza eyomeleleyo yophononongo lwase-Italian, ubungakanani besampulu enkulu, kunye nohlalutyo olubanzi. Kwangaxeshanye, iyayivuma imida enokubakho, njengokuthembela ekuzixeleni ukutshaya, okuvula iindlela zophando lwexesha elizayo ukucokisa iindlela kunye nokomeleza isiseko sobungqina.
Iindlela ezicokisekileyo, iziphumo ezinyanzelisayo, kunye neziphumo zophononongo ezibanzi zigxininisa ukubaluleka kokuthathela ingqalelo umsi wecuba wendalo njengowona mngcipheko wokwenyani kwi-osteoporosis. Njengoko sisombulula izinto ezintsonkothileyo zenzululwazi, isifundo sisebenza njengelitye lembombo ekuqhubeleni phambili ukuqonda kwethu ubudlelwane obuntsonkothileyo phakathi kokuchaneka komsi wecuba kunye nempilo yamathambo kwabasetyhini.
IiNdlela eziPhantsi koMbutho
Ukuqonda unxulumano oluntsonkothileyo phakathi kokuchanabeka kumsi wecuba kunye nomngcipheko ophezulu we-osteoporosis kwabasetyhini kufuna ukuphononongwa ngokubanzi kweendlela ezinokuthi zibe sisiseko. Eli candelo lijongana neenkqubo zefiziyoloji ezinokunxulumanisa ukuchanabeka komsi wecuba kuphuhliso kunye nokwanda kwe-osteoporosis, ukutsalwa kuphononongo lwase-Italiya kunye nokuqonda okubanzi kwezenzululwazi.
4.1 Uxinzelelo lwe-Oxidative kunye neMpilo yeBone
Uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative, imeko apho ibhalansi phakathi kwe-radicals yamahhala kunye ne-antioxidants iphazamiseka, likhonkco elinokubakho lomatshini phakathi kokuvezwa komsi wesibini kunye ne-osteoporosis. Uphononongo lwase-Italiya lucebisa ukuba uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative olubangelwa ngamacandelo omsi wecuba lunokuba negalelo ekulahlekeni koxinaniso lwamathambo. Iiradicals zasimahla ezenziwe ngumsi wecuba zinokuphazamisana neeseli ezenza amathambo, ziphazamise ulungelelwaniso oluthambileyo oluyimfuneko ekugcineni amandla ethambo.
4.2 Iimpendulo ezivuthayo
Ukuvuvukala kubonwa njengento ebalulekileyo kwi-pathogenesis yeemeko ezahlukeneyo zempilo, kuquka i-osteoporosis. Umsi wesibini uqulethe i-pro-inflammatory agents ezinokuthi, xa zifakwe, zingabangela ukuvuvukala kwenkqubo. Ukuvuvukala okungapheliyo kunokuphazamisa iinkqubo zokulungiswa kwamathambo, ukukhawuleza ukulahleka kwethambo kunye nokwandisa umngcipheko wokuphuka. Iziphumo zophononongo lwase-Italiya zigxininisa ukubaluleka kokuphanda ukuba iimpendulo ezidumbileyo ezibangelwa ngumsi wecuba zinokunegalelo njani kwi-osteoporosis kubasetyhini.
4.3 Ukungalingani kweHormonal
Ukungalingani kweHormonal, ngokukodwa okuhambelana ne-estrogen, kudlala indima ephambili ekuphuhliseni i-osteoporosis. Uphononongo lwase-Italiya lukhuthaza uphononongo olusondeleyo lwendlela umsi wecuba onokuthi uphazamise ngayo ibhalansi yehomoni, ngakumbi impembelelo yayo eyaziwayo kumanqanaba e-estrogen. I-Estrogen ibalulekile ekugcineni ukuxinana kwamathambo, kwaye ukuguqulwa kwamanqanaba ayo ngenxa yokuvezwa komsi wecuba okusingqongileyo kunokukhawulezisa ukubuyiswa kwamathambo, okukhokelela ekunyuseni komngcipheko we-osteoporosis.
4.4 Impembelelo kwiCalcium Metabolism
I-calcium iyiminerali esisiseko kwimpilo yamathambo, kwaye ukuphazamiseka kwemetabolism ye-calcium kunokufaka isandla kuphuhliso lwe-osteoporosis. Umsi wecuba unokuphembelela ukufunxwa kwe-calcium kunye nokusetyenziswa emzimbeni, okunokukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukuxinana kweeminerali zamathambo. Ukuqonda kophononongo lwase-Italiya kufuna ukuba kuphononongwe ngakumbi ukuba utshintsho kwimetabolism ye-calcium, ebangelwa kukuvezwa komsi wecuba kwendalo, lunokuba negalelo kunxulumano olujongweyo kunye ne-osteoporosis kubasetyhini.
4.5 Ukudibana neeMbali zeMfuzo
Imiba yemfuza ikwadlala indima ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ubani unokuchanabeka kwi<em>osteoporosis. Uphononongo lwase-Italiya, ngelixa lugxininisa unxulumano phakathi komsi wecuba kunye ne-osteoporosis, lukhuthaza ukuqwalaselwa kwendlela izinto zofuzo ezinokusebenzisana ngayo nokuvezwa kwendalo. Ukuphanda ukusebenzisana kwe-gene-esingqongileyo kunokubonelela ngokuqonda ngakumbi ukuba kutheni abantu abathile banokuba sesichengeni ngakumbi kwimiphumo yokunciphisa amathambo okutshaya.
Ukuba sesichengeni kuBomi bonke
Ukuphonononga impembelelo yomsi wecuba kwimpilo yethambo kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zobomi kubalulekile ekuqondeni iziphumo zexesha elide kwimpilo yamathambo.
5.1 Ubuntwana kunye nokuFikela
Ukuchaneka kwangoko kumsi wecuba ngexesha lobuntwana kunye nokufikisa kunokuba nefuthe elihlala lihleli ekuphuhliseni amathambo. Uphononongo lwase-Italiya lukhuthaza uviwo lwendlela inkqubo yophuhliso lwamathambo enokuthi ibe sesichengeni ngakumbi kwiziphumo ezibi zomsi wecuba wokusingqongileyo. Ubuntwana kunye nokufikisa kubonisa amaxesha abalulekileyo okwenziwa kwamathambo, kwaye ukuvezwa komsi wecuba ngeli nqanaba kunokubeka esichengeni ukufikeleleka kwamathambo, okunokwandisa umngcipheko we-osteoporosis kamva ebomini.
5.2 Ukukhulelwa kunye noKutyhileka kukaMama
Ukukhulelwa kwazisa ukuguquguquka okukhethekileyo, apho ukuvezwa kukamama kumsi wecuba kunokuchaphazela bobabini umama kunye nosana olusakhulayo. Uphononongo lwase-Italiya lukhuthaza ukuphononongwa kwendlela ukuvezwa koomama kunokuchaphazela ukukhula kwamathambo omntwana, okunokuthi kube nefuthe kwimpilo yethambo lexesha elide lenzala.
5.3 Utshintsho lokuya exesheni
Utshintsho lwe-menopausal linqanaba elibalulekileyo kubomi bomfazi apho utshintsho lwehomoni luchaphazela kakhulu impilo yamathambo. Iziphumo zophononongo lwase-Italiya zikhuthaza uphononongo lwendlela yokusebenzisana phakathi kokutshintsha kwehomoni ngexesha lokuyeka ukuya exesheni kunye nokuba sesichengeni komsi wecuba kunokuyandisa ilahleko yokuxinana kwamathambo. Ukuba sesichengeni ngeli xesha lotshintsho kugxininisa ukubaluleka kongenelelo olulungiselelwe ukunciphisa umngcipheko ophezulu we-osteoporosis kubasetyhini abasemva kokuyeka ukuya exesheni abavezwe kumsi wecuba lokusingqongileyo.
5.4 Ukuguga kunye nokuba sesiBonisweni seXesha elide
Njengobudala bomntu ngamnye, iziphumo ezongezelekayo zokuchatshazelwa ixesha elide kumsi wecuba ziye zibaluleke ngakumbi. Uphononongo lwaseNtaliyane, olujolise kubafazi bokhokho baseYurophu, lukhuthaza ukuqwalaselwa kwendlela ukuvezwa ixesha elide kunokunxibelelana nenkqubo yokuguga kwendalo, okunokunyusa ukulahleka kwamathambo kunye nokunyusa umngcipheko wokuqhekeka.
5.5 Impembelelo eyongezelekayo kunye nobuMngcipheko obuDityanisiweyo
Ukuphonononga ukuba sesichengeni kubo bonke ubomi kufuna ukuba kuqondwe impembelelo eyongezelekayo yokuvezwa komsi wecuba. Ukuqonda kophononongo lwase-Italiya kwenza ukuba kuqondwe ngokupheleleyo ukuba sesichengeni kumanqanaba obomi ahlukeneyo anokunxibelelana, ukwenza iwebhu edityanisiweyo yomngcipheko onegalelo kunxulumano olujongwe kunye ne-osteoporosis kubasetyhini. Ukuqaphela obu buthathaka bunxibelelene kubalulekile ekuphuhliseni amaqhinga othintelo abanzi.
Uphononongo aluceli nje umngeni ekuqondeni kwethu imiba yengozi ye-osteoporosis kodwa lukwavula iingcango kuphononongo oluntsonkothileyo lokuhlangana phakathi komsi wecuba kunye nempilo yamathambo kwabasetyhini. Ukuhamba ngaphaya kwemibutho yamanani, eli nqaku ligocagoca kwiindlela ezisisiseko, ukuqwalaselwa kwenkcubeko, kunye nefuthe lomgaqo-nkqubo. Njengoko uluntu lwezenzululwazi lujongene nesidingo sokutshintsha kweparadigm, kuyacaca ukuba ukujongana nesongelo esifihlakeleyo somsi wesibini kufuna indlela eneenkalo ezininzi ezisuka kwiinguqu zobomi bomntu ngamnye kwintsebenziswano yehlabathi kuphando kunye nophuhliso lomgaqo-nkqubo.
