Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ucwaningo luye lwanikeza ukukhanya emiphumeleni yezempilo ecashile yentuthu kagwayi, kwembula ukukhathazeka okusha kwabesifazane: ingozi ephakeme ye-osteoporosis. I-osteoporosis, isimo esibonakala ngokuba buthaka kwamathambo nokuthambekela okwandayo kokuphuka, sekuyisikhathi eside kuhlotshaniswa nezici ezinjengokuguga, ukushintsha kwama-hormone, nokukhetha indlela yokuphila. Kodwa-ke, ubufakazi obuvelayo bubonisa ukuthi ukuchayeka entumeni kagwayi kungase kudlale indima enkulu ekwandiseni le ngozi, ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane.
Abacwaningi base-Italy base-Federico II University of Naples benze ucwaningo olubonisa ukuthi intuthu kagwayi ingase ibe nengozi elinganayo ye-osteoporosis kwabesifazane njengokubhema ugwayi. Lapho behlaziya amazinga e-osteoporosis kwabesifazane abasebenzisa ama-double-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans, bathola ukuthi abesifazane abachayeka entuthuni kagwayi yemvelo babenamazinga ezifo afanayo nababhemayo abakhuthele. Ucwaningo, olwanyatheliswa kuyi-Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, luphakamisa ukuthi ukuchayeka ekubhemeni kukagwayi kufanele kubhekwe njengengozi enkulu ye-osteoporosis, okwenza kube nesidingo sokufakwa kwayo ezinhlelweni zokuhlola ukuhlonza abesifazane abasengozini enkulu. Ukuze uthole isingeniso esinemininingwane eyengeziwe chofoza
Indawo Yentuthu Esetshenzisiwe
Ukuze sibambe umthelela wentuthu kagwayi empilweni yamathambo abantu besifazane, kubalulekile ukuhlola ukwakheka kanye nokusabalala kwale ngozi edlangile yemvelo. Ucwaningo, okuhlanganisa nocwaningo oluphawulekayo olwenziwa abacwaningi base-Italy, luye lwasikhanyisela ngezingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi zentuthu kagwayi kanye nokusabalala kwayo okusakazekile.
1.1 Ukwakhiwa Kwentuthu Ebhemayo
Intuthu kagwayi iyinhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi yamakhemikhali angaphezu kuka-7,000, angaphezu kuka-250 ahlonzwe njengayingozi, futhi okungenani angu-69 aqashelwa njenge-carcinogenic izinhlangano zezempilo ezihlonishwayo njenge-World Health Organization (WHO). Izingxenye eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa i-nicotine, i-carbon monoxide, i-formaldehyde, i-benzene, nezinsimbi ezisindayo ezihlukahlukene. Lezi zingxenye, ezikhishwe ngesikhathi kushiswa ugwayi, zakha ingxube enobuthi abantu abachayeka kuyo ngokuzenzakalelayo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene.
Ucwaningo lwase-Italy lugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqonda lokhu kwakheka, njengoba kuwusizo ekuqondeni ubungozi bezempilo obuhambisana nentuthu kagwayi. I-Nicotine, isibonelo, iye yaxhunyaniswa nezinkinga zempilo ye-vascular and bone, egcizelela isidingo sokudalula ukuthi lezi zingxenye zinomthelela kanjani engozini ephakeme ye-osteoporosis kwabesifazane.
1.2 Imithombo Yentuthu Yentuthu
Intuthu kagwayi ivela emithonjeni eyahlukene, ikakhulukazi ebangelwa ukushiswa kwemikhiqizo kagwayi njengogwayi, ogwayi, namapayipi. Imithombo engashi, njengogwayi we-elekthronikhi (ugwayi we-elekthronikhi), nayo inomthelela ekuchayekeni kwentuthu kagwayi ngokukhipha ama-aerosol ayingozi. Ucwaningo lwesiNtaliyane lukhuthaza ukuba kuhlaziywe kabusha ukuthi imithombo ehlukene inikela kanjani kubungozi obuphelele, ikhuthaza indlela ebanzi yokunciphisa ukuchayeka kuzo zonke izimo ezihlukahlukene.
1.3 Izindawo Ezivame Ukuba Nentuthu Ebhemayo
Abantu bahlangana nentuthu kagwayi ezindaweni eziningi, kusukela emakhaya nasezimotweni kuya ezindaweni zomphakathi njengezindawo zokudlela, amabha, nezindawo zokusebenza. Okutholwe ocwaningweni lwase-Italy kuthola ukubaluleka uma kucutshungulwa ukuvama kokuchayeka ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene. Ukuhlaziya idatha evela ocwaningweni kumongo wezilungiselelo ezithile kunikeza ukuqonda okuncane kokuthi ukungenelela nemikhankaso yokuqwashisa ingaba nomthelela omkhulu kuphi.
I-Osteoporosis Kwabesifazane - Ukukhathazeka Okukhulayo Kwezempilo Yomphakathi
I-osteoporosis, ebonakala ngokuba buthaka kwamathambo kanye nokuthambekela okukhulayo kokuqhekeka, kuyinkinga eqhubekayo ebalulekile yezempilo yomphakathi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabesifazane.
2.1 Ukusabalala kwe-Osteoporosis
Ukwanda kwe-osteoporosis kwabesifazane kuyakhula, okwenza kudingeke ukuthi kubhekisiswe kahle umthelela wako. Njengoba abesifazane bekhula, izinguquko ze-hormonal, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuya esikhathini, zinomthelela ekwehleni kwamathambo. Ukusabalala kwe-osteoporosis kukhula kakhulu ngokuya ngeminyaka, okwenza kube yinkinga yezempilo ecindezelayo kubantu abaguga emhlabeni jikelele. Ucwaningo lwase-Italy, oluvuma ukukhumuzeka kwamathambo njengento ebaluleke kakhulu kwezempilo, lukhuthaza ukuhlolwa okujulile kokuthi izici ezifana nentuthu kagwayi zibhebhethekisa kanjani lesi sifo.
2.2 Umthwalo Wezomnotho Ezinhlelweni Zokunakekelwa Kwezempilo
I-Osteoporosis ibeka umthwalo omkhulu wezomnotho ezinhlelweni zokunakekelwa kwezempilo emhlabeni wonke. Ukuphuka kwamathambo okuba buthaka kuholela ekwandeni kokulaliswa esibhedlela, ukuhlinzwa, nokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha isikhathi eside. Imithelela yezomnotho idlulela ngale kwezindleko zokunakekelwa kwezempilo okuqondile ukuze kubandakanye izindleko ezingaqondile zokulahleka komkhiqizo kanye nezinga lempilo elinciphile. Njengoba ukwanda kwe-osteoporosis kukhula, ukucindezelwa kwezinsiza zokunakekelwa kwezempilo kuya kugqama kakhulu, kudingeke ukuthi kuthathwe izinyathelo ezisheshayo zokunciphisa lezi zinselele zomnotho.
2.3 Imithelela evela ocwaningweni lwesiNtaliyane
Ucwaningo lwase-Italy, olugxile ekuhlobaneni kwentuthu kagwayi kanye nesifo samathambo kwabesifazane, lwengeza ungqimba oluyinkimbinkimbi odabeni olubanzi. Okutholakele kugcizelela ukuphuthuma kokuqaphela intuthu kagwayi engokwemvelo njengento eyingozi ngempela ye-osteoporosis, okudingeka ukuthi kuhlolwe kabusha izinhlelo zokuhlola kanye nezinhlelo zezempilo zomphakathi. Ucwaningo lugcizelela ukuthi ukubhekana ne-osteoporosis kwabesifazane kudinga indlela enezici eziningi ecabangela kokubili izici eziyingozi zendabuko kanye nabahlanganyeli bezemvelo abasafufusa.
Ukwembula Isixhumanisi: Izifundo Zesayensi Nezitholakele
Ucwaningo lwesayensi, ikakhulukazi ucwaningo oluphawulekayo olwenziwa izazi zase-Italy, luye lwadlala indima ebalulekile ekwembuleni ukuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwentuthu kagwayi kanye nengozi eyengeziwe ye-osteoporosis kwabesifazane.
3.1 Uhlolojikelele lwesifundo sesiNtaliyane
Ucwaningo olwenziwa abacwaningi baseFederico II University of Naples lumi njengokuhlola okudabukisayo mayelana nokuxhumana phakathi kwentuthu kagwayi kanye nesifo samathambo kwabesifazane. Besebenzisa ama-double-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans, abacwaningi bahlaziye ngokucophelela amazinga e-osteoporosis eqenjini labesifazane abangu-10,616 ababhalise ohlelweni lokuhlolwa kwe-osteoporosis loMnyango Wezempilo wase-Italy. Lolu cwaningo olukhulu lunikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokuqonda ukusabalala kwe-osteoporosis kanye nokuhlotshaniswa kwayo nentuthu kagwayi yemvelo.
3.2 Izibalo zabantu ababambe iqhaza kanye nokuziphatha kokubhema
Ukuqonda izibalo zabantu ababambiqhaza kanye nokuziphatha kwabo kokubhema kubalulekile ukuze kulungiswe okutholwe ucwaningo. Ucwaningo lwesiNtaliyane lwaluhlanganisa ababhemayo bamanje abangu-3,942, abangu-873 ababhemayo, futhi abangu-5,781 abakaze babheme. Ngokuhlukanisa abahlanganyeli ngokusekelwe ekuziphatheni kwabo kokubhema, abacwaningi bangakwazi ukubona amaphethini ekwandeni kwe-osteoporosis futhi badwebe izinhlangano phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene okuchayeka kwentuthu kagwayi nempilo yamathambo.
3.3 Ukusabalala Kwesifo Samathambo Kwababhemayo Nababhemayo Abangabhemi
Okutholwe ocwaningweni lwase-Italy kwembule ukuqonda okunamandla mayelana nokusabalala kwe-osteoporosis phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene. Ababhemayo bamanje babonise ukwanda okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-osteoporosis uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu abangabhemi, ngesilinganiso sezinto ezingavamile (OR) esingu-1.40. Okuphawuleka ngokufanayo kwaba ukwanda okuphakeme phakathi kwababhemi abangabhemi, ababonise ubungozi obuphakeme kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nabangabhemi (NOMA = 1.38). Okubalulekile, ucwaningo alutholanga mehluko obalulekile ekwandeni phakathi kwabantu ababhemayo ababhemayo kanye nababhemayo bamanje (NOMA = 1.02).
3.4 Ukuhlangana Phakathi Kokubhema Ugwayi Ongaguquki kanye Ne-Osteoporosis
Ukugcizelelwa kocwaningo ekubhemeni unganyakazi njengento ezimele engozini ye-osteoporosis inselele ukuhlakanipha okuvamile. Okutholakele kugcizelela ukuhlangana okubalulekile phakathi kokuchayeka entuthuni kagwayi yemvelo kanye nesifo samathambo kwabesifazane abangabhemi, abahlala emphakathini bokhokho baseYurophu. Lokhu okutholakele kugqamisa isidingo sokwandisa ukuqonda kwethu izici eziyingozi ze-osteoporosis futhi sicabangele ukufakwa kogwayi olwenziwayo ezinhlelweni zokuhlola.
3.5 Imithelela Yezinhlelo Zokuhlola kanye Nokuhlola Ubungozi
Imithelela yocwaningo lwesiNtaliyane idlulela ngale kokutholwe ngokushesha. Abacwaningi bakhuthaza ukushintshwa kwepharadigm ezinhlelweni zokuhlola i-osteoporosis, bekhuthaza ukufakwa kokuchayeka entuthu kagwayi yemvelo njengento eyingozi yangempela. Lesi sigaba sihlola ukuthi imiphumela yocwaningo ingakwazisa kanjani ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubo emisha yokuhlola ubungozi, okungase kuholele ekuhlonzweni okuhlosiwe nokuphumelelayo kwabesifazane abasengozini enkulu ye-osteoporosis.
3.6 Amandla Nemikhawulo Yocwaningo
Ukuhlola okunenjongo kwanoma yiluphi ucwaningo lwesayensi kuhilela ukucabangela kokubili amandla alo kanye nemikhawulo. Lesi sigaba sihlinzeka ngokuhlolwa kwendlela eqinile yocwaningo lwesi-Italian, usayizi wesampula omkhulu, nokuhlaziya okuphelele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ivuma imikhawulo engaba khona, njengokuthembela ekuziphatheni kokubhema okubikwayo, okuvula izindlela zocwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo ukuze kucwengisiswe izindlela futhi kuqinise isisekelo sobufakazi.
Izindlela zokucophelela, okutholwe okuphoqayo, kanye nemithelela ebanzi yocwaningo kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokubheka intuthu kagwayi yemvelo njengento eyingozi yangempela ye-osteoporosis. Njengoba sembula ubunkimbinkimbi besayensi, ucwaningo lusebenza njengesisekelo ekuthuthukiseni ukuqonda kwethu ubudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kokuchayeka kwentuthu kagwayi kanye nempilo yamathambo kubantu besifazane.
Izindlela Ezingaphansi Kwenhlangano
Ukuqonda ukuhlobana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kokuchayeka entuthwini kagwayi kanye nengozi eyandayo ye-osteoporosis kwabesifazane kudinga ukuhlola okuningiliziwe kwezinqubo ezingase zibe khona. Lesi sigaba sicubungula izinqubo ze-physiological ezingase zixhumanise ukuchayeka kwentuthu kagwayi ekuthuthukisweni nasekubhebhethekeni kwe-osteoporosis, kusukela ocwaningweni lwase-Italy kanye nemininingwane yesayensi ebanzi.
4.1 Ukucindezeleka Kwe-Oxidative kanye Nempilo Yamathambo
Ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative, isimo lapho ibhalansi phakathi kwama-radicals mahhala nama-antioxidants kuphazamiseka, isixhumanisi esingaba khona semishini phakathi kokuchayeka kwentuthu kagwayi kanye ne-osteoporosis. Ucwaningo lwase-Italy luphakamisa ukuthi ukucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative okubangelwa izingxenye zentuthu kagwayi kungase kube nomthelela ekulahlekelweni kwamathambo. Ama-radicals amahhala akhiqizwa intuthu kagwayi angase aphazamise amaseli akha amathambo, aphazamise ukulingana okuthambile okubalulekile ekugcineni amandla amathambo.
4.2 Izimpendulo Ezivuthayo
Ukuvuvukala kubhekwa njengesici esibalulekile ku-pathogenesis yezimo ezihlukahlukene zempilo, kuhlanganise ne-osteoporosis. Intuthu kagwayi iqukethe ama-pro-inflammatory agents okuthi, uma ehogeliwe, angabangela ukuvuvukala kwesistimu. Ukuvuvukala okungapheli kungase kuphazamise izinqubo zokuvuselela amathambo, ukusheshisa ukulahleka kwamathambo nokwandisa ingozi yokuphuka. Okutholwe ocwaningweni lwase-Italy kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuphenya ukuthi izimpendulo ezivuvukalayo ezibangelwa intuthu kagwayi zingaba nomthelela kanjani ku-osteoporosis kwabesifazane.
4.3 Ukungalingani Kwamahomoni
Ukungalingani kwe-hormonal, ikakhulukazi okuhlobene ne-estrogen, kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni i-osteoporosis. Ucwaningo lwase-Italy lukhuthaza ukuhlolwa okuseduze kokuthi intuthu kagwayi ingaphazamisa kanjani ibhalansi yamahomoni, ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa umthelela wawo owaziwayo kumazinga e-estrogen. I-Estrogen ibalulekile ekugcineni ukuminyana kwamathambo, futhi ukuguqulwa kwamazinga ayo ngenxa yokuchayeka entuthuni kagwayi yemvelo kungase kusheshise ukubola kwamathambo, okuholela ekwandeni kwengozi yokukhumuzeka kwamathambo.
4.4 Umthelela kuCalcium Metabolism
I-calcium iyimaminerali eyisisekelo empilweni yamathambo, futhi ukuphazamiseka kwe-calcium metabolism kungaba nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwe-osteoporosis. Intuthu kagwayi ingase ibe nomthelela ekumunceni nasekusetshenzisweni kwe-calcium emzimbeni, okungase kuholele ekwehleni kwamathambo amaminerali. Ukuqonda kwalolu cwaningo lwase-Italy kudinga ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kokuthi izinguquko kumetabolism ye-calcium, okubangelwa ukuchayeka entuthuni kagwayi ezungezile, kungaba negalelo kanjani ekuhlotshaneni okuphawulwe nesifo samathambo kwabesifazane.
4.5 Ukusebenzisana Nezakhi Zofuzo
Izici zofuzo nazo zidlala indima ekunqumeni ukuthambekela komuntu ku-osteoporosis. Ucwaningo lwase-Italy, ngenkathi lugcizelela ukuhlangana phakathi kwentuthu kagwayi kanye nesifo samathambo, lukhuthaza ukucatshangelwa kokuthi izici zofuzo zingase zihlanganyele kanjani nokuchayeka kwemvelo. Ukuphenya ukusebenzisana kwezakhi zofuzo kungase kunikeze ukuqonda okune-nuanced kakhudlwana kokuthi kungani abantu abathile bengase babe sengozini kakhulu emiphumeleni eqeda amathambo yentuthu kagwayi.
Ukuba sengozini Kuwo Wonke Isikhathi Sokuphila
Ukuhlola umthelela wokuchayeka kwentuthu kagwayi empilweni yamathambo ezigabeni ezihlukahlukene zokuphila kubalulekile ukuze uqonde imiphumela yesikhathi eside empilweni yamathambo.
5.1 Ubuntwana kanye Nobusha
Ukuchayeka kusenesikhathi entuthuni kagwayi ebuntwaneni nasebusheni kungaba nemiphumela ehlala njalo ekukhuleni kwamathambo. Ucwaningo lwase-Italy lwenza ukuthi kuhlolwe ukuthi isistimu yamathambo ekhulayo ingaba sengozini kanjani emiphumeleni emibi yentuthu kagwayi yemvelo. Ubuntwana nobusha kumelela izikhathi ezibucayi zokwenziwa kwamaminerali amathambo, futhi ukuchayeka entuthuni kagwayi phakathi nalezi zigaba kungase kubeke engcupheni ukutholakala kwamathambo, okungase kwandise ingozi ye-osteoporosis kamuva ekuphileni.
5.2 Ukukhulelwa Nokuchayeka Kukamama
Ukukhulelwa kwethula ukuguquguquka okuyingqayizivele, lapho ukuchayeka komama entuthuni kagwayi kungaba nomthelela kukho kokubili umama kanye nombungu okhulayo. Ucwaningo lwase-Italy lukhuthaza ukuhlola ukuthi ukuchayeka komama kungathinta kanjani ukukhula kwamathambo engane, okungaba nomthelela empilweni yesikhathi eside yamathambo enzalo.
5.3 Ukuguquka kokuya esikhathini
Ukuguquka kokuya esikhathini kuyisigaba esibucayi empilweni yowesifazane lapho izinguquko zamahomoni zithinta kakhulu impilo yamathambo. Okutholwe ocwaningweni lwase-Italy kukhuthaza ukuhlolwa kokuthi ukuxhumana phakathi kokushintsha kwama-hormone ngesikhathi sokunqamuka kokuya esikhathini kanye nokuchayeka kwentuthu kagwayi kungase kubhebhethekise ukuncipha kwamathambo. Ukuba sengozini ngalesi sikhathi soguquko kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokungenelela okuklanyelwe ukunciphisa ubungozi obukhulayo be-osteoporosis kwabesifazane abangemva kokuya esikhathini abachayeka entuthuni kagwayi yemvelo.
5.4 Ukuguga Nokuchayeka Isikhathi Eside
Njengoba abantu bekhula, imiphumela enqwabelene yokuchayeka isikhathi eside entuthuni kagwayi iya ngokuya ifaneleka. Ucwaningo lwase-Italy, olugxile kwabesifazane bokhokho baseYurophu, lukhuthaza ukucatshangelwa ukuthi ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kungase kuhlanganyele kanjani nenqubo yokuguga yemvelo, okungase kusheshise ukulahleka kwamathambo nokwandisa ingozi yokuphuka.
5.5 Umthelela Okhulayo kanye Nokukhubazeka Okuxhumene
Ukuhlola ukuba sengozini kuyo yonke iminyaka yokuphila kufuna ukuqaphela umthelela okhulayo wokuchayeka kwentuthu kagwayi. Imininingwane yocwaningo lwesiNtaliyane yenza ukuqonda okuphelele kokuthi ubungozi ezigabeni ezihlukene zempilo bungase buhlanganyele kanjani, kudala iwebhu exhumene yezingozi ezinomthelela ekuhlotshaneni okuphawulwe nesifo samathambo kubantu besifazane. Ukuqaphela lobu buthakathaka obuxhumene kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amasu okuvimbela aphelele.
Lolu cwaningo aluphonseli inselelo nje kuphela ukuqonda kwethu izici eziyingozi ze-osteoporosis kodwa futhi luvula iminyango yokuhlola okuyinkimbinkimbi kokuhlangana phakathi kwentuthu kagwayi nempilo yamathambo kubantu besifazane. Ukudlulela ngale kwezinhlangano zezibalo, lesi sihloko sidingida izindlela eziyisisekelo, ukucatshangelwa kwamasiko, nemithelela yenqubomgomo. Njengoba umphakathi wezesayensi ubhekana nesidingo sokushintshwa kwepharadigm, kuba sobala ukuthi ukubhekana nosongo olufihliwe lwentuthu kagwayi kudinga indlela ehlukahlukene esukela ekushintsheni kwendlela yokuphila yomuntu ngamunye kuya ekusebenzisaneni komhlaba wonke ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwenqubomgomo.
