Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ucwaningo selukhanyise imiphumela yezempilo evumayo yentuthu ye-secondhand, yembula ukukhathazeka okusha kwabesifazane: ingozi ephakeme ye-osteoporosis. I-Osteoporosis, isimo esibonakaliswa ngamathambo abuthaka futhi sanda kakhulu ukuxhaphaza, isikhathi eside sahambisana nezici ezinjengokuguga, izinguquko ze-hormonal, kanye nokukhethwa kwendlela yokuphila. Kodwa-ke, ubufakazi obuqhakazi buveza ukuthi ukuvezwa kwentuthu ye-Secondhand kungadlala indima enkulu ekukhuliseni le ngozi, ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane.
Abaphenyi base-Italy abavela eFederico II University bakaNaples baqhuba isifundo esibonisa ukuthi intuthu ye-Secondhand ingabeka engcupheni efanayo ama-osteoporosis kwabesifazane njengokubhema okusebenzayo. Ukuhlaziya amanani e-osteoporosis kwabesifazane abasebenzisa ama-X-ray askertiometry ama-x-ray askertiometry, bathola ukuthi abesifazane bavuswe intuthu kagwayi yemvelo babenamanani afanayo wezifo njengoba ababhemayo. Ucwaningo, olushicilelwe ejeni lophenyo luka-endocrinological, luphakamisa ukuthi ukuvezwa intuthu ye-Secondhand kufanele kubhekwe njengento ebalulekile yengozi ye-osteoporosis, ishukumisela isidingo sokufakwa kwaso ezinhlelweni zokuhlola engcupheni ephezulu. Ukuze uthole ukwethulwa okuningiliziwe chofoza
Isimo sentuthu ye-seckhand
Ukuze uqonde umthelela wentuthu ye-Secondhand ngempilo yethambo labesifazane, kubalulekile ukudedela ekwakhiweni nasekwandeni kwale Nyamandla Yezemvelo ePervasive. Cwaninga, kufaka phakathi ucwaningo oluphawuleka ngabaphenyi base-Italy, lukhanyisela izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi zentuthu ye-sexhand kanye nokwanda kwayo okusabalele.
1.1 Ukwakheka kwentuthu ye-Secondhand
I-Secondhand Smome iyi-amalication eyinkimbinkimbi yamakhemikhali angaphezu kuka-7,000, kanti ngaphezulu kwama-250 akhonjwe njengengozi, futhi okungenani angama-69 aqashelwa njenge-carcinogenic ngezinhlangano zezempilo ezidumile ezifana ne-World Health Organisation (WHO). Izakhi eziphawuleka zifaka i-nicotine, i-carbon monoxide, i-formaldehyde, i-benzene, kanye nezinsimbi ezisindayo ezisindayo. Lezi zindawo, ezikhishwe ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa kukagwayi, zakha i-concoction enobuthi abantu abazithathwa ngokuzithandela kuzilungiselelo ezahlukahlukene.
Ucwaningo lwase-Italy lugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqonda lokhu kuhlanganiswa, ngoba kubalulekile ekuqondeni izingozi zempilo ezihambisana nentuthu ye-Secondhand. Isibonelo, u-Nicotine uxhunyaniswe nezinkinga zempilo ye-vascular nethambo, egcizelela isidingo sokwambulwa ukuthi lezi zingxenye zinikela kanjani engcupheni ephakeme ye-osteoporosis kwabesifazane.
1.2 Imithombo yentuthu ye-Secondhand
Intuthu ye-Secondhand ivela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, ngokuyinhloko ivela ekuvutheni kwemikhiqizo kagwayi efana nogwayi, ama-cigar namapayipi. Imithombo engeyona evuthayo, efana nogwayi kagesi (u-e-kagwayi), futhi neqhaza nokuvezwa kwentuthu yentuthu ngokuphuma kwama-aerosol ayingozi. Ucwaningo lwase-Italy luvuselela kabusha ukuthi imithombo ehlukene ifaka kanjani engcupheni ephelele, inxusa indlela ephelele yokunciphisa ukuvezwa kuzo zonke izimo ezahlukahlukene.
1.3 izindawo ezithambekele entuthuni
Abantu abahlangabezana ne-Secondhand Smome endaweni eyiminyaka yezindawo, ezisukela emizini yabantu nasezimotweni eziya ezikhaleni zomphakathi ezinjengezindawo zokudlela, imigoqo kanye nezindawo zokusebenza. Ukutholwa kokutadisha kwe-Italy kuthola ukubaluleka lapho kucatshangelwa ukwanda kokuchayeka ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene. Ukuhlaziya idatha ocwaningweni lwezilungiselelo ezithile ihlinzeka ngokuqonda okungenzeka ukuthi ukungenelela nemikhankaso yokuqwashisa kungathinta kakhulu.
I-Osteoporosis kwabesifazane - ukukhathazeka okukhulayo kwezempilo yomphakathi
I-Osteoporosis, ebonakala ngamathambo abuthakathaka kanye nokwenyuka kwesibalo sokuqhekeka, ukuma njengokukhathazeka okubaluleke kakhulu kwempilo yomphakathi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabesifazane.
2.1 Ukwanda kwe-osteoporosis
Ukwanda kwe-osteoporosis phakathi kwabesifazane kukhuphuke, kudinga ukubhekisisa okugxile komthelela wayo. Njengabesifazane ubudala, izinguquko ze-hormonal, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuya esikhathini, zinomthelela ekwehleni kobukhulu bethambo. Ukwanda kwe-osteoporosis kukhuphuka ngokungenakuphikiswa ngeminyaka, okwenza kube yinkinga yokucindezela kwezempilo kubantu abasekugugani komhlaba. Ucwaningo lwase-Italian, ukwamukela i-Osteoporosis njengokukhathazeka okubalulekile kwezempilo, kushukumisela ukuhlolwa okujulile kwezinto ezinjengesithuthunda ezinjengesithuthunda.
2.2 Umthwalo wezomnotho ezinhlelweni zezempilo
I-Osteoporosis ibeka umthwalo wezomnotho omkhulu ezinhlelweni zezempilo emhlabeni wonke. Ama-fractures avela emathanjeni abuthaka aholele ekukhulisweni kwezibhedlela, ukuhlinzwa kanye nokunakekelwa kwezempilo okude. Imiphumela yezomnotho inwebeka ngaphezu kwezindleko zezempilo eziqondile ukuze ifake izindleko ezingaqondile zokukhiqiza okulahlekile kanye nekhwalithi yempilo encishisiwe. Njengoba ukwanda kwe-osteoporosis kuphakama, ubunzima bezinsizakusebenza zezempilo bubansundu ngokwengeziwe, badinga izindlela ezisebenzayo zokunciphisa lezi zinselelo zezomnotho.
2.3 Imiphumela evela ocwaningweni lwesiNtaliyane
Ucwaningo lwase-Italy, ngokugxila kwalo kulo mhlangano phakathi kwentuthu ephakathi kwentuthu kabhesethi kanye ne-osteoporosis kwabesifazane, kunezela ungqimba lobunzima kwinkinga ebanzi. Lokhu okutholakele kugcizelela ukuphuthuma kokubona intuthu kagwayi yezemvelo njengengozi yangempela yobungozi be-osteoporosis, kudinga ukubuyekezwa kwezinhlelo zokuhlola kanye nezinhlelo zezempilo zomphakathi. Ucwaningo luqinisa ukuthi ukubhekana nama-osteoporosis kwabesifazane kudinga indlela ehlukahlukene ebheka zombili izici zengozi yendabuko kanye nabanikeli bezemvelo abavelayo.
Ukwembulela isixhumanisi: izifundo zesayensi nokutholakele
Izifundo zesayensi, ikakhulukazi ucwaningo oluphawuleka olwenziwe yizazi zase-Italiya, ludlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekwambuleni ukuxhumeka okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwentuthu ye-osteoporosis kanye nengozi eyengeziwe ye-osteoporosis kwabesifazane.
3.1 Ukubuka konke kwesifundo sase-Italy
Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngabacwaningi eFederico II University eNaples limi njengokuhlola okuhlabayo ekuxhumeni phakathi kwentuthu ephakathi kwentuthu ye-secondhand ne-osteoporosis kwabesifazane. Kusetshenziswa ama-Dual-Energy X-ray askertiometry (Dexa) Scans, abaphenyi bahlaziywa ngokucophelela amanani e-osteoporosis e-10,616 abesifazane ababhalise kwinkonzo yase-Italy yoHlelo Lokuhlolwa Kwezempilo lwe-Osteoporosis. Lesi sifundo esikhulu esithe xaxa sinikeza isisekelo esinamandla sokuqonda ukwanda kwe-osteoporosis kanye nobudlelwano bayo ngentuthu kagwayi yemvelo.
3.2 Ukubamba iqhaza kwabahlanganyeli nokuziphatha okubhemayo
Ukuqonda ukwaba abantu abahlanganyeli futhi nokuziphatha kwabo kokubhema kubalulekile ekucabangeni okutholakele kocwaningo. Ucwaningo lwase-Italy lufake ababhemayo abangama-3,942 ababhemayo, abangama-873 ababhemayo, kanye no-5 781 abalokothi babhema. Ngokuhlukanisa ababambiqhaza ngokususelwa ekuziphatheni kwabo kokubhema, abacwaningi bakwazi ukubona amaphethini e-Osteoporosis stralence kanye nokudweba izinhlangano phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kagwayi Ukuvezwa kanye nempilo yamathambo.
3.3 I-Osteoporosis Ukunambitheka phakathi kwababhemayo nababhemayo nje
Ukutholwa kokutadisha kwe-Italy kwembula ukuqonda okuphoqayo ekubambeni kwaphezulu kwe-osteoporosis phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene. Ababhemayo bamanje bakhombise ukwanda okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-osteoporosis ngokuqhathaniswa nabakwaNonsmokers, ngesilinganiso se-ODDS (noma) ka-1.40. Okuphawuleka ngokulinganayo kwaba ukwanda okuphakanyisiwe phakathi kwababhemayo nje, abakhombise ubungozi obukhulu uma buqhathaniswa nabangenani (noma = 1.38). Okusemqoka, isifundo asitholile mehluko obalulekile ekuzakeni phakathi kwababhemayo nje nababhemayo njengamanje (noma = 1.02).
3.4 Association phakathi kokubhema nokubhema nje kanye ne-osteoporosis
Ukugcizelelwa kokutadisha ekubhemeni nje kwesici sokuzimela njengengozi ezizimele ye-Osteoporosis inselele ukuhlakanipha okuvamile okujwayelekile. Ukutholwa kugcizelela ubudlelwane obukhulu phakathi kokuchayeka intuthu kagwayi kanye ne-osteoporosis eNonsmoker, eyokuhlala emphakathini kwabesifazane baseYurophu. Lokhu kutholwa kuqokomisa isidingo sokwandisa ukuqonda kwethu kwezinto ezingozini ye-osteoporosis futhi ubheke ukufakwa kokubhema nje ezinhlelweni zokuhlola.
3.5 Imiphumela yezinhlelo zokuhlola nokuhlola ubungozi
Imiphumela yokutadisha yase-Italy yandisa ngaphezu kwalokho okutholakele ngokushesha. Abaphenyi bagqugquzela ukuhamba kwe-paradigm ezinhlelweni zokuhlola ama-osteoporosis, ukunxusa ukufakwa kokuvezwa kwentuthu kagwayi yemvelo njengento eyingozi yengozi. Lesi sigaba sihlola ukuthi imiphumela yokufunda ibingazisa kanjani ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela ezintsha zokuhlola ubungozi, okuholela ekuhlolweni okuhlosiwe futhi okusebenzayo kwabesifazane abasengozini ephezulu ye-osteoporosis.
3.6 Amandla kanye nemikhawulo yocwaningo
Ukuhlolwa kwenhloso kwanoma yisiphi isifundo sesayensi kubandakanya ukucubungula amakhono nokulinganiselwa kwawo. Lesi sigaba sihlinzeka ngokuhlola indlela eqinile yesitatimende esiqinile, usayizi omkhulu wesampula, nokuhlaziywa okuphelele. Ngasikhathi sinye, kuvuma ukulinganiselwa okungaba khona, njengokuthembela ekuziphatheni kokubhema okuvumayo, okuvula izindlela zocwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo ukuze kuhlaziswe izindlela zokuhlaziya kabusha futhi kuqinise ubufakazi.
Izindlela ezimnandi, okutholakele okuphoqayo, futhi imiphumela ebanzi yokufunda igcizelela ukubaluleka kokubheka intuthu kagwayi yemvelo njengengozi yangempela ye-osteoporosis. Njengoba siveza ubunzima besayensi, isifundo sisebenza njengetshe legumbi ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu ngobuhlobo obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kokuvezwa kwentuthu yentuthu nempilo yamathambo kwabesifazane.
Izindlela eziphansi kwenhlangano
Ukuqonda ukuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kokuvezwa kwentuthu ye-Secondhand kanye nengozi ekhuphukile ye-Osteoporosis kwabesifazane idinga ukuhlola okuningiliziwe kwezindlela ezingase zibe ngaphansi. Lesi sigaba singena ezinqubweni zomzimba ezingaxhunyaniswa nokuvezwa kwentuthu yentuthuko kanye ne-expoporosis ye-osteoporosis, ukudweba kusuka esifundweni sase-Italiya kanye nokuqonda okubanzi kwesayensi.
4.1 Ukuxineka kwe-oxidative nempilo yethambo
Ukuxineka okuxakile, isimo lapho ibhalansi phakathi kwama-radicals wamahhala nama-antioxidants ukuphazamiseka, kuyinto ehle kakhulu yokuxhumana phakathi kwe-osteoporosis. Ucwaningo lwase-Italiya lubonisa ukuthi ukucindezelwa okuyi-oxidative okubangelwa yizinto zentuthu ye-secondhand kungaba nomthelela ekulahlekelweni kwamathambo. Ama-radicals wamahhala akhiqizwe intuthu kagwayi angaphazamisa amaseli enziwe amathambo, ukuphazamisa ukulingana okubucayi okubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe amandla amathambo.
4.2 Izimpendulo Zokuvuvukala
Ukuvuvukala kuqashelwa njengento ebucayi ePathiogenesis yezimo zezempilo ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi i-osteoporosis. Intuthu ye-Secondhand iqukethe ama-ejenti wokuvuvukala okuvuvukala, lapho i-inhalid, ingabangela ukuvuvukala okuhlelekile. Ukuvuvukala okungamahlalakhona kungaphazamisa izinqubo zokulungisa amathambo, ukusheshisa ukulahleka kwamathambo nokwandisa ubungozi bokuqhekeka. Ukutholwa kokutadisha kwe-Italy kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuphenya ukuthi izimpendulo ezivuvukala ziye zaba nomthelela kanjani ku-osteoporosis kwabesifazane.
4.3 Ama-HORMONAL ALALALANCES
Ama-Hormonal ukungalingani, okuhlotshaniswa ikakhulukazi ne-estrogen, adlale indima esemqoka ekuthuthukisweni kwe-osteoporosis. Ucwaningo lwase-Italy lushukumisela ukuhlolwa okusondele kakhulu kokuthi intuthu ye-secondhand ingaphazamisa kanjani ibhalansi ye-hormonal, ikakhulukazi inikezwe umthelela wayo owaziwa ngamazinga e-estrogen. I-estrogen ibalulekile ekugcineni ukugcinwa kwamathambo, kanye nezinguquko emazingeni ayo ngenxa yokuchayeka entuthuni yezobuzwe yemvelo kungasheshisa ubungozi bethambo, okuholela engcupheni ye-osteoporosis ekhulayo.
4.4 Umthelela ku-calcium metabolism
I-calcium iyimiginerali eyisisekelo yempilo yethambo, kanye nokuphazamiseka ku-calcium metabolism kungaba nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwe-osteoporosis. Intuthu ye-Secondhand ingathonya ukumuncwa kwe-calcium kanye nokusetshenziswa emzimbeni, okuholela ekunciphiseni ukuncipha kwamaminerali amaminerali. Ukuqonda okufundwayo kwe-Italy kudinga ukuvela okwengeziwe ekushintsheni kwe-calcium metabolism, okubangelwa ukuvezwa intuthu kagwayi yemvelo, kungahle kube nomthelela enhlanganweni ebukelwe nge-osteoporosis kwabesifazane.
4.5 Ukuxhumana ngezinto zofuzo
Izici zofuzo futhi zidlala indima ekunqumeni ukuthambekela komuntu ku-osteoporosis. Isifundo sase-Italian, ngenkathi sigcizelela inhlangano phakathi kwentuthu ephakathi kwentuthu kanye ne-osteoporosis, isusa ukucatshangelwa ukuthi izici zofuzo zingaxhumana kanjani nokuvezwa kwemvelo. Ukuphenya ukusebenzisana kwemvelo yeGene kunganikeza ukuqonda okwenziwe kahle kokuthi kungani abantu abathile bangase basengozini enkulu yemiphumela yethambo - elichithekile lentuthu ye-sendhand.
Ukulimazeka ngaphesheya kwempilo
Ukuhlola umthelela wokuvezwa kwentuthu yentuthu ethangeni lempilo ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene zokuphila kubalulekile ukuze kuqondiswe imiphumela yesikhathi eside esenhlalakahleni yamathambo.
5.1 ubuntwana nobusha
Ukuvezwa kusenesikhathi intuthu ye-Secondhand ngesikhathi sobuntwana kanye nobusha kungaba nemiphumela ehlala njalo ekuthuthukisweni kwamathambo. Ucwaningo lwase-Italy lushukumisela ukuhlolwa kokuthi uhlelo lwamathambo oluthuthukisayo lungaba sengozini kanjani ngemiphumela emibi yentuthu kagwayi yezemvelo. Ubuntwana kanye nentsha imelela izinkathi ezibucayi ze-Bone Mineralization, kanye nokuchayeka kubhebhe le-Secondhand kulezi zigaba kungahlehlisa ukutholwa kwe-Peak Bone Mass Tatainment, ekhulisa ubungozi be-osteoporosis kamuva.
5.2 Ukukhulelwa nokuvezwa komama
Ukukhulelwa kwethula amandla ahlukile, lapho ukuvezwa komama kubhema-tuste kungathinta bobabili umama kanye nengane ekhulayo. Ucwaningo lwase-Italiya lukhuthaza ukuhlola ukuthi ukuvezwa komama kungathinta kanjani ukuthuthukiswa kwamathambo e-fetus, okuthonya impilo yesikhathi eside yenzalo.
5.3 Inguquko ye-Menopausal
I-Menopausal Transition iyisigaba esibucayi empilweni yowesifazane lapho kushintsha khona izinguquko ze-hormonal zithinta kakhulu impilo yethambo. Ukutholwa kokutadisha kwe-Italy kushukumisela ukuhlolwa kokuthi i-interplay phakathi kwamashifu e-hormonal ngesikhathi sokuya esikhathini kanye nokuvezwa kwentuthu yentuthu kungandisa ukulahleka kobuningi bethambo. Ukuba sengozini yale nkathi yoshintsho kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokungenelela okuhambisana nokunciphisa ubungozi obukhulayo be-osteoporosis kubantu besifazane basemuva kwezemvelo evezwa intuthu kagwayi.
5.4 Ukuvezwa kokuguga nokuhlala isikhathi eside
Njengabantu ngabanye, imiphumela eqophelayo yokuvezwa kwesikhathi eside intuthu ye-Secondhand iba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Ucwaningo lwase-Italian, lugxile kwabesifazane baseYurophu, lukhuthaza ukucatshangelwa ukuthi ukuvezwa isikhathi eside esingaxhumana kanjani nenqubo yokuguga kwemvelo, ngokushelela ukulahleka kwamathambo nokwandisa ingozi yokuqhekeka.
5.5 Umthelela Okhulile futhi Ubungozi obuxhumekile
Ukuhlola ukuba sengozini kulo lonke isikhathi sokuphila kudinga ukubona umthelela wokuqothuka kokuvezwa kwentuthu yentuthu. Ukuqonda okufundwa kwe-Italy kushukumisela ukuqonda okuphelele kokuthi ubungozi obusezingeni eliphakeme ngezigaba zempilo ezihlukile bungasebenzisana nalo, bakha i-web exhumekile yezingozi ezinomthelela enhlanganweni ebonakalayo ne-osteoporosis kwabesifazane. Ukubona lezi zingozi ezixhumene nazo kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amasu wokuvimbela okuqhubekayo.
Lolu cwaningo alugcini luphonsela inselelo ekuqondeni kwethu izimo zengozi ye-osteoporosis kodwa futhi ivula iminyango ekuhlolweni okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kokushintshana kwentuthu phakathi kwentuthu ye-secthand nempilo yamathambo kwabesifazane. Ukuhamba ngaphesheya kwezinhlangano zezibalo, le ndatshana idlulela ezinhlanganweni eziyisisekelo, ukucatshangelwa kwamasiko, kanye nemiphumela yenqubomgomo. Njengoba umphakathi wesayensi ubhekene nezidingo zesidingo sokwenza i-paradigm shift, kuba sobala ukuthi ukubhekana nosongo olufihlekile lwe-Secondhand Smome kudinga indlela yokuphila yomuntu ngamunye efinyelela ekuhlanganyeleni komhlaba kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwenqubomgomo.
