Isingeniso
ENT, isifinyezo esingase sizwakale singajwayelekile kwabaningi, simelela Indlebe, Ikhala, Nomphimbo. Ingcweti yezokwelapha ebhekene nokuxilonga, ukwelashwa, kanye nokuphathwa kwezifo ezihlobene nalezi zifunda ezintathu ezibalulekile ze-anatomical. Lesi sihloko sihlose ukunikeza ukuqonda okuphelele kwe-ENT, okuhlanganisa ububanzi bayo, izimo ezivamile, izindlela zokuxilonga, nezinketho zokwelapha.
Umthamo we-ENT
Indlebe
Indlebe iyisitho esiyinkimbinkimbi esibhekene nokuzwa nokulinganisela. Ochwepheshe be-ENT basingatha izinhlobonhlobo zezinkinga ezihlobene nezindlebe.
1. Ukulahlekelwa Ukuzwa
1. Ukulahlekelwa kokuzwa okuqhutshwayo kungase kwenzeke ngenxa yezinkinga zendlebe yangaphandle noma ephakathi, njengokuvinjelwa kwe-earwax, izifo ezithinta indlebe ephakathi (i-otitis media), noma ama-eardrums anezimbobo.
2. Ukulahlekelwa kwezinzwa ze-Sensorineural ngokuvamile kuhlobene nokulimala kwendlebe yangaphakathi noma inzwa yokuzwa. Kungabangelwa ukuguga (presbycusis), ukuchayeka emisindweni ephezulu, imithi ethile, noma izici zofuzo.
2. Amagciwane Ezindlebeni
1. I-Otitis externa, eyaziwa nangokuthi indlebe yombhukudi, isifo sendlebe engaphandle, ngokuvamile esibangelwa amagciwane noma isikhunta. Kungabangela ubuhlungu, ukulunywa, nokuphuma kwamanzi.
2. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, i-otitis media ukutheleleka kwendlebe ephakathi, okuvame kakhulu ezinganeni. Kungaholela ekulahlekelweni kokuzwa kwesikhashana kanye nobuhlungu bezindlebe.
3. I-Balance Disorder
1. I-Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) yisimo esivamile lapho izinhlayiya ezincane ze-calcium endlebeni yangaphakathi ziphuma, okubangela iziqephu ezisheshayo, ezimfushane zesiyezi.
2. Isifo sika-Ménière isifo esingelapheki esithinta indlebe yangaphakathi, okubangela ukuqunjelwa, ukungezwa, i-tinnitus (ukukhala ezindlebeni), nomuzwa wokugcwala endlebeni.
Ikhala
Ikhala alihileli nje kuphela ekwazini ukuhogela kodwa futhi linendima ebalulekile ekuphefumuleni nasekuhluzeni umoya esiwuhoshayo.
1. Ukuminyana Ekhaleni
1. I-Alergic rhinitis, evame ukwaziwa ngokuthi i-hay fever, iwukungezwani nokungezwani nezinto ezihamba emoyeni njengempova, izibungu zothuli, noma i-pet dander. Idala ukuthimula, ikhala eligijimayo, ukuminyana emakhaleni, namehlo alumayo.
2. I-non-allergic rhinitis ingabangelwa izici ezifana nezinto ezicasulayo (isb., intuthu kagwayi, iphunga elinamandla), izinguquko zamahomoni, noma imithi ethile.
2. Ama-Polyps Amakhala
1. Lezi yizimila ezithambile, ezingenabuhlungu ezikhula olwelweni lwamakhala noma ezonweni. Bangakwazi ukuvimba indlela yokuphefumula emakhaleni, okuholela ekubeni kube nzima ukuphefumula, ukulahlekelwa iphunga, kanye nekhala eligelezayo.
3. I-Sinusitis
1. I-acute sinusitis ngokuvamile ibangelwa ukutheleleka ngegciwane noma amagciwane ngemva komkhuhlane. Idala ubuhlungu nokucindezela emakhaleni, ukuminyana emakhaleni, nokuphuma kwamakhala aminyene, ashintshe umbala.
2. I-sinusitis engapheli ihlala isikhathi esingaphezu kwamasonto angu-12 futhi ingaba ngenxa yezifo eziphindaphindayo, ama-polyps aphuma emakhaleni, noma ukungahambi kahle komzimba.
Umphimbo
Umphimbo uhileleke emisebenzini enjengokuphefumula, ukugwinya, nokukhuluma.
1. I-tonsillitis
1. Ukuvuvukala kwamathoni, ngokuvamile okubangelwa ukutheleleka ngegciwane noma amagciwane. Izimpawu zihlanganisa umphimbo obuhlungu, ubunzima bokugwinya, umkhuhlane, namathoni avuvukele.
2. I-Laryngitis
1. Ukuvuvukala komphimbo (ibhokisi lezwi) kungabangela ukuhoshozela, izwi elibuthakathaka, noma ukulahlekelwa izwi ngokuphelele. Kungabangelwa ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezwi, izifo, noma i-acid reflux.
3. I-Apnea yokulala
1. Ukuphefumula kokulala okuvimbelayo kwenzeka lapho imisipha engemuva emphinjeni ikhululeka kakhulu phakathi nokulala, ivimbe indlela yokuphefumula. Kuholela ekuphazamisekeni kokuphefumula, ukuhona, nokulala emini.
Izindlela zokuxilonga ku-ENT
Ukuhlola Umzimba
Ochwepheshe be-ENT basebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene okuhlolwa ngokomzimba.
1. I-Otoscope
1. Lokhu kusetshenziselwa ukuhlola umgudu wendlebe kanye nesigubhu sendlebe. Kuyasiza ekutholeni izifo ezindlebeni, ukuvaleka kwe-earwax, noma ukubhobozwa kwe-eardrum.
2. I-Rhinoscope
1. I-rhinoscope, eqinile noma eguquguqukayo, isetshenziselwa ukubona ngeso lengqondo ingaphakathi lekhala nezono. Ingakwazi ukubona ama-polyps akhala, i-septum ephambukile, noma izimpawu ze-sinusitis.
3. I-Laryngoscope
1. I-Laryngoscopes isetshenziselwa ukubuka i-larynx nezintambo zezwi. Zibalulekile ekuxilongeni izimo ezifana ne-laryngitis noma izimila zomphimbo.
Izivivinyo zokuxilonga
1. I-Audiometry
1. Lokhu kuhlola kukala ikhono lomuntu lokuzwa. Kuyasiza ekuhlonzeni uhlobo nezinga lokulahlekelwa ukuzwa.
2. I-Tympanometry
1. Ihlola umsebenzi wendlebe ephakathi ngokulinganisa ukunyakaza kwe-eardrum ekuphenduleni izinguquko zokucindezela komoya.
3. I-Endoscopy yamakhala
1. Le nqubo inikeza umbono oningiliziwe wemigudu yamakhala kanye nezono. Ingasetshenziselwa ukwenza izicubu ezisolisayo ze-biopsy noma ukususa ama-polyps akhala.
Izinketho Zokwelashwa ku-ENT
Ukwelashwa Kwezokwelapha
1. Imithi
1. Ngezifo ezindlebeni, ama-antibiotics angase amiselwe izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Ama-Antihistamine kanye nama-nasal corticosteroids avame ukusetshenziselwa i-rhinitis ye-allergic kanye ne-sinusitis.
2. Amaconsi endlebe angakwazi ukwelapha ngaphandle - izifo zendlebe, kuyilapho imithi yokunciphisa isiyezi isetshenziselwa ukuphazamiseka kwebhalansi.
2. I-Immunotherapy
1. Nge-rhinitis eqinile ye-allergic, i-allergen - i-immunotherapy ethize (isibhamu sokungezwani komzimba) ingaba inketho yokwelapha ephumelelayo yesikhathi eside.
Ukwelashwa Kokuhlinzwa
1. Ukuhlinzwa Izindlebe
1. I-tympanoplasty yenziwa ukuze kulungiswe i-eardrum enembobo. Izimila ze-cochlear zisetshenziselwa ukwelapha ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezinzwa ze-sensorineural.
2. I-Stapedectomy iyindlela yokuhlinzwa yezinhlobo ezithile zokulahlekelwa kwezindlebe.
2. Ukuhlinzwa Ikhala
1. I-Septoplasty yenziwa ukulungisa i-septum ephambukile. Ukuhlinzwa kwe-endoscopic sinus kusetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-sinusitis engapheli futhi kukhishwe ama-polyps emakhaleni.
3. Ukuhlinzwa Komphimbo
1. I-tonsillectomy iwukususwa ngokuhlinzwa kwamathoni, ngokuvamile ngenxa ye-tonsillitis ephindaphindayo. I-Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) iyindlela yokwelapha ye-obstructive sleep apnea.
Isiphetho
I-ENT iwuchwepheshe bezokwelapha obuhlukahlukene futhi obubalulekile obuthinta izici eziningi zokuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke, kusukela ekuzweni nokukhuluma kuya ekuphefumuleni nasekuhogeleni. Ukuqonda izimo ezivamile, izindlela zokuxilonga, nezinketho zokwelapha ngaphakathi kwenkambu ye-ENT kungasiza abantu ngabanye ukuphatha kangcono impilo yabo futhi bafune ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha okufanele lapho kudingeka. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo esilula sokungezwani komzimba nenkathi ethile noma isimo esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu njenge-sinusitis engapheli noma ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa, ochwepheshe be-ENT bahlonyiswe ngolwazi namathuluzi ukuze banikeze ukuxilonga nokwelashwa okufanele.
