Iimonitha zesigulane zixhobo ezibalulekileyo kwizicwangciso zonyango, ukubonelela ngedatha yexesha langempela kwiimpawu ezibalulekileyo zesigulane. Aba balindi babonisa iiparitha ezahlukeneyo ezinceda abaqeqeshi bezempilo ukuba bahlole imeko yesigulane kwaye baphendule ngokukhawuleza kulo naluphi na utshintsho. Eli nqaku lijolise ekuchazeni iiparamitha ezintlanu eziqhelekileyo zabahloli bezigulane, ukubaluleka kwazo, kunye nendlela ukungaqhelekanga kwezi parameters kunokubonisa imiba ethile yempilo.

Yintoni iMoni yezigulane?

Imonitha yesigulana sisixhobo esisetyenziswa kwizicwangciso zokhathalelo lwempilo ukulinganisa ngokuqhubekayo nokubonisa iiparitha ezahlukeneyo zomzimba zesigulana. Aba balindi babalulekile kwiiyunithi zokhathalelo olunzulu (ICUs), amagumbi otyando, kumasebe kaxakeka, nakwezinye iindawo apho kufuneka uqwalaselo oluqhubekayo lwemeko yesigulana.

Iiparamitha eziHlanu eziQhelekileyo zabaHloli bezigulane

Ezona parameters zijongwayo zezi:

• I-Electrocardiography (ECG)

• Uxinzelelo lwegazi (BP)

• Ukugcwala kweoksijini (SpO2)

• Iqondo lokuphefumla (RR)

• Ubushushu

1. I-Electrocardiography (ECG)

Yintoni iECG?

I-Electrocardiography ilinganisa umsebenzi wombane wentliziyo. I-ECG imelwe njenge-waveform kwimonitha, ebonisa isingqisho sentliziyo kunye nokuqhuba kombane.

Ilinganiswa njani i-ECG?

I-Electrodes ibekwe esikhumbeni sesigulane kwiindawo ezithile zokubona iimpembelelo zombane eziveliswa yintliziyo. Ezi mpembelelo ziboniswa njengegrafu yomgca eqhubekayo kwimonitha.

Ukubaluleka kweECG

• Izinga lentliziyo: Inani lokubetha kwentliziyo ngomzuzu.

• Isingqisho sentliziyo: Ipatheni kunye nesiqhelo sokubetha kwentliziyo.

• Ukuqhutywa koMbane: Ibonisa umsebenzi wombane njengoko uhamba kwisihlunu sentliziyo.

• I-ECG eqhelekileyo kunye neeMeko eziManyanisiweyo

• I-Bradycardia: Isantya sentliziyo esingaphantsi kwama-60 ebetha ngomzuzu. Ingabonisa imiba efana ne-hypothyroidism okanye i-heart block.

• Tachycardia: Ukubetha kwentliziyo ngaphezu kwe-100 ibethi ngomzuzu. Unokucebisa iimeko ezinjengomkhuhlane, ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni, okanye ukuxhalaba.

• I-Arrhythmias: Iintliziyo ezingaqhelekanga ezinokukhomba kwi-fibrillation ye-atrial, i-fibrillation ye-ventricular, okanye ezinye iimeko zentliziyo.

• Utshintsho lweCandelo le-ST: Ukuphakama okanye ukuxinezeleka kwinqanaba le-ST kunokubonisa i-myocardial infarction (isifo senhliziyo) okanye ischemia.

2. Uxinzelelo lwegazi (BP)

Yintoni Uxinzelelo Lwegazi?

Uxinzelelo lwegazi ngamandla enziwa ngokujikeleza igazi kwiindonga zemithambo yegazi. Ilinganiswa ngeemilimitha ze-mercury (mmHg) kwaye irekhodwe njengamaxabiso amabini: i-systolic (uxinzelelo ngexesha lokubetha kwentliziyo) kunye ne-diastolic (uxinzelelo phakathi kweentliziyo).

Lulinganiswa Njani Uxinzelelo Lwegazi?

Uxinzelelo lwegazi luqhele ukumetwa kusetyenziswa icuff ebekwe ecaleni kwengalo. Ikhafu iyaphuphuma ukuze iyeke ukuhamba kwegazi okwexeshana ize ithobe kancinci, ilinganise uxinzelelo njengoko ukuhamba kwegazi kuqalisa kwakhona.

Ukubaluleka koxinzelelo lwegazi

• I-Systolic Pressure: Ibonakalisa uxinzelelo kwimithambo yegazi xa intliziyo ibetha.

• Uxinzelelo lweDiastolic: Lubonisa uxinzelelo kwimithambo yegazi xa intliziyo iphumle phakathi kweebhithi.

• Uxinzelelo lwegazi oluqhelekileyo olungaqhelekanga kunye neeMeko eziDityanisiweyo

• Uxinzelelo lwegazi: Uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu (≥130/80 mmHg). Ingakhokelela kwisifo senhliziyo, isifo sokuwa, kunye neengxaki zezintso.

• I-Hypotension: Uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphantsi (≤90/60 mmHg). Isenokubangela isiyezi, isiqaqa, kunye nokothuka.

• I-Orthostatic Hypotension: Ukuhla okubalulekileyo kuxinzelelo lwegazi xa umile, nto leyo enokubangela isiyezi kunye nokuquleka.

3. Ukugcwala kweOxygen (SpO2)

Yintoni i-Oxygen Saturation?

Ukuhluthwa kweoksijini kulinganisa ipesenti yeemolekyuli zehemoglobin egazini ezizaliswe yioksijini. Luphawu olubalulekileyo lwendlela ioksijini ethuthwa ngayo kwizicubu zomzimba.

Ilinganiselwa njani iOxygen Saturation?

I-SpO2 ilinganiswa ngokungena-invasively usebenzisa i-pulse oximeter, ngokuqhelekileyo ibekwe emnweni, indlebe, okanye inzwane. Isixhobo sisebenzisa ukufunxa ukukhanya ngokusebenzisa ibhedi ye-vascular pulsating ukumisela ukugcwala kwe-oxygen.

Ukubaluleka kwe-Oxygen Saturation

• Uluhlu oluqhelekileyo: Ngokuqhelekileyo phakathi kwe-95% kunye ne-100%.

• I-Hypoxemia: Ukugcwala kweoksijini ngaphantsi kwe-90%, ebonisa ukungonelanga kweoksijini egazini, nto leyo efuna ukhathalelo lwezonyango olukhawulezileyo.

• Okungaqhelekanga kwe-SpO2 kunye neeMeko eziNxulumeneyo

• I-SpO2 ephantsi (i-Hypoxemia): Isenokuvela kwiimeko ezifana nesifo esingapheliyo semiphunga (COPD), inyumoniya, i-asthma, okanye i-acute breathing distress syndrome (ARDS).

• I-SpO2 ephezulu: Ayifane ibe ngumba ngaphandle kokuba inxulumene nonyango lwe-oksijini engafanelekanga, enokubangela ubutyhefu beoksijini kubantu abasesichengeni.

4. Izinga lokuphefumla (RR)

Yintoni umlinganiselo wokuphefumla?

Izinga lokuphefumla linani lokuphefumla elithathwa ngomzuzu. Luphawu olubalulekileyo olubonisa impilo yesigulane sokuphefumla kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.

Lilinganiswa Njani izinga lokuphefumla?

Isantya sokuphefumla sinokulinganiswa ngokujonga ukunyuka nokuwa kwesifuba okanye ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezibona ukuhamba komoya okanye ukunyakaza kwesifuba.

Ukubaluleka komlinganiselo wokuphefumla

• Uluhlu oluqhelekileyo: Ngokuqhelekileyo i-12-20 iphefumula ngomzuzu kubantu abadala.

• Iipateni zokuphefumla: Utshintsho kwisantya kunye nobunzulu bokuphefumla kungabonisa imiba eyahlukeneyo yezempilo.

• Iimeko ezingaqhelekanga zokuphefumla kunye neeMeko eziNxulumeneyo

• I-Tachypnea: Ukunyuka kwezinga lokuphefumla (ngaphezu kwe-20 yokuphefumula ngomzuzu). Isenokubangelwa ziimeko ezifana nomkhuhlane, ixhala, usulelo lwemiphunga, okanye ukusilela kwentliziyo.

• I-Bradypnea: Ukunciphisa izinga lokuphefumla (ngaphantsi kwe-12 yokuphefumula ngomzuzu). Inokubonwa kwi-opioid overdose, ukulimala kwentloko, okanye i-hypothyroidism enzima.

• I-Apnea: Izihlandlo zokungaphefumli, ezinokuthi zibonise i-apnea yokulala, ukugqithiswa kweziyobisi, okanye iimeko ezinzima zokuphefumla.

5. Ubushushu

Yintoni iTemperature?

Ubushushu bomzimba ngumlinganiselo wamandla omzimba okuvelisa nokukhupha ubushushu. Luphawu olubalulekileyo lomsebenzi we-metabolic kunye nempilo iyonke.

Lilinganiswa Njani Ubushushu?

Ubushushu bunokulinganiswa ngokusebenzisa i-thermometers ebekwe ngomlomo, i-rectally, i-axillary (phantsi kwengalo), okanye ngendlebe (tympanic). Abahloli bezigulane ezikumgangatho ophezulu bahlala bebandakanya iiprobes zokushisa ezibonelela ngokufunda okuqhubekayo.

Ukubaluleka koBubushushu

• Uluhlu oluqhelekileyo: Ngokuqhelekileyo i-97 ° F ukuya kwi-99 ° F (36.1 ° C ukuya ku-37.2 ° C).

• I-Febrile States: Ubushushu bomzimba obuphakamileyo (umkhuhlane) luhlala lubonisa usulelo okanye ukudumba.

• Ubushushu obuqhelekileyo obungaqhelekanga kunye neeMeko eziManyanisiweyo

• I-Hyperthermia (Umkhuhlane): Ubushushu bomzimba obuphakamileyo ngaphezu kwe-100.4 ° F (38 ° C). Inokubangelwa lusulelo, ubushushu, iimeko zokudumba, okanye amayeza athile.

• IHypothermia: Ubushushu bomzimba bungaphantsi kwama-95°F (35°C). Iziphumo zokuvezwa ixesha elide kwingqele, ukothuka, okanye ukuphazamiseka okuthile kwemetabolism.

• Ukungazinzi kobushushu: Ukutshintshatshintsha kunokubonwa kwiimeko ezifana ne-sepsis okanye ukuphazamiseka kwe-thyroid.

Ukudibanisa iiParameters zokuBeka iliso ngokuBanzi

Ukubeka esweni ezi parameters zintlanu kubonelela ngembono epheleleyo ngempilo yesigulana. Ipharamitha nganye inika ukuqonda okukhethekileyo, kwaye ukudibanisa kwabo kuvumela ababoneleli bezempilo ukuba babone iimpawu zokuqala zokuwohloka, benze uxilongo oluchanekileyo, kwaye baphumeze ungenelelo ngexesha. Njengokuba:

• I-Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR): I-CPR esebenzayo idinga ukubeka iliso ngokuqhubekayo kwe-ECG, i-BP, kunye ne-SpO2 ukuqinisekisa ukuchithwa okwaneleyo kunye ne-oxygenation.

• Ukhathalelo lwasemva koCando: Ukujongwa ngokusondeleyo kwazo zonke iiparamitha ezintlanu kubalulekile ukufumanisa iingxaki ezinjengokopha, usulelo, okanye ukungaphumeleli kokuphefumla.

• Ulawulo lweZifo eziNgapheliyo: Izigulane ezineemeko ezingapheliyo ezifana nokungaphumeleli kwentliziyo, i-COPD, okanye isifo seswekile zizuza ngokubeka iliso rhoqo ukulawula iimeko zabo kunye nokukhusela iziqephu ezibukhali.

Abahloli bezigulana badlala indima ebalulekileyo kukhathalelo lwempilo lwangoku ngokuqhubeka nokulandela umkhondo obalulekileyo weparameters yefiziyoloji. Ukuqonda iiparameters ezintlanu eziqhelekileyo-ECG, uxinzelelo lwegazi, i-oxygen saturation, izinga lokuphefumula, kunye nokushisa-kukunceda ekuqondeni ukubaluleka kwabo ekunyamekelweni kwesigulane. Ipharamitha nganye ibonelela ngolwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nempilo yesigulana, kwaye ukungahambi kakuhle kolu fundo kungabonisa iimeko ezahlukeneyo zonyango, ukukhokela abaqeqeshi bezempilo ekunikezeni unyango olusebenzayo kunye nexesha. Ngokudibanisa le parameters, abahloli bezigulane bafaka isandla kakhulu ekuphuculeni iziphumo zesigulane kunye nokuqinisekisa ukhathalelo olupheleleyo.